1. Turkmenistan History turkmenistan history. The territory of Turkmenistan was populated from ancienttimes. The territory of Turkmenistan was populated from ancient times. http://www.icctm.org/t_history.html

2. Turkmenistan History Tour - Thumbnails History Tour List of Images Home Gallery Home Switch to Multimedia Show. 1.thm_1.gif, Size 31.58 KB. 2. thm_2.gif, Size 30.14 KB. 3. thm_3.gif, Size 25.77KB. http://www.icctm.org/Gallery/History/Thumbnails/ulthm.htm

3. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Turkmenistan | History turkmenistan history. Though never a goal in itself, the sunscorched,barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/central_asia/turkmenistan/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Turkmenistan History Though never a goal in itself, the sun-scorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from one empire to another as armies decamped on the way to richer territories. Alexander the Great established a city on his way to India, the Romans set up near present-day Ashghabat and, in the 11th century the Seljuq Turks used Alexander's old city, Merv, as a base from which to expand their empire into Afghanistan. Two centuries later, the heart of the Seljuq empire was torn out as Jenghiz Khan stormed down from the steppes into Trans-Caspia (the region east of the Caspian Sea) on his way to terrorise Europe. While the empire-builders tussled, nomadic horsebreeding tribes of Turkmen drifted in through the cracks, possibly from the Altay mountains, and grazed from oasis to oasis along the fringes of the Karakum desert and in Persia, Syria and Anatolia. With the decline in the 16th century of the Timurid empire, the region became a backwater dotted with feudal Turkmen islands. From their oasis strongholds, the Turkmen preyed on straggling caravans, pillaging and stealing slaves or skirmishing with other tribes. It was only when they started kidnapping Russians from the strengthening tsarist empire that the Turkmen fell into trouble. Military forces were sent to Trans-Caspia to rout the by now wildly uncontrollable tribes: In 1881 the Russians marched on the fortress of Geok-Tepe and massacred an estimated 7000 Turkmen. A further 8000 were cut down as they fled across the desert. Not surprisingly, the Russians met little more resistance and by 1894 had secured all Trans-Caspia for the tsar.

4. Turkmenistan History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resourc turkmenistan history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources,Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... [TOP] Turkmenistan History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting Origins and Early History Formation of the Turkmen Nation ... Sovereignty and Independence NOTE: The information regarding Turkmenistan on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Turkmenistan History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Turkmenistan History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this web site is updated. Your Internet e-mail address: http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html Revised 24-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

5. Turkmenistan History TURKMENISTAN. This remote former republic of the nowvanished SovietUnion declared its independence in 1991. Its people are descendants http://www.nationbynation.com/Turkmenistan/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT ... TURKMENISTAN This remote former republic of the now-vanished Soviet Union declared its independence in 1991. Its people are descendants of Mongol tribes, Turkic peoples, Persians, and Uzbeks. Because of its natural resources of oil and gas, the country is expected to make significant economic progress in the years to come. Under the Soviet Union, relatively little industrialization had been pursued and most of the population remains involved in agriculture.

6. History Of Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan. Britannica.com turkmenistan history A thoroughencyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxturkmenistan.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement History of Turkmenistan Britannica.com: Turkmenistan History A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline below the article to navigate through the complete text of this extensive encyclopedia entry. Country Study: Turkmenistan This comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress includes a fantastic section of history of the country. Flags of the World: Turkmenistan Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country. Geography and Maps of Turkmenistan A plethora of geographical information and online maps from the About Geography site.

7. Turkmenistan: History encyclopediaEncyclopedia—turkmenistan history. Originally a partof the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv), Turkmenistan passed http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html

Celebs, Models ,Movie Stars... Magazines From Around the World! Ladies..Never pay retail again! Facial care packs and Cosmetics at lowest prices ! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Turkmenistan History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th cent., the Turkmens became subject to the khanate of Khiva . In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan.

8. History Of Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan with maps, links and articles. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/History.html

9. IExplore - Turkmenistan History, IExplore Turkmenistan Travel - Travel Turkmenis Keyword Search. Help. Turkmenistan. Experts. Meet our Middle East expert BrianaWills. Gear, Books More Book List for Turkmenistan See Gear, Books and More. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Turkmenistan/History

dateString = 1120256459; Keyword Search: Home Explore Middle East Turkmenistan History E-mail this page Keyword Search Help Turkmenistan Travel and Trips Overview Visa and Travel Advisories ... Health and Vaccinations Contact Us We're here to help you book your next vacation, 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. (US Central Time) Monday-Friday. Call 1-800-iExplore Price Guarantee Our promise: You won't find any of our trips at a lower price anywhere. iExplore offers the best value in adventure and experiential travel... GUARANTEED! -Related Information- Trip Search See Trips to Turkmenistan Experts Meet our Middle East expert Briana Wills Book List for Turkmenistan See Gear, Books and More Contact Us Advertise ... About iExplore

10. Turkmenistan History turkmenistan history 3rd century BC, The Parthian Empire is founded on Turkmenianterritory, its capital Nissa only 20 km from today’s Ashgabad. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/laenderinfos/laender/laender_ausgabe_html?

11. World66.com's Travel Guide To Turkmenistan turkmenistan history, culture, geography, natural resources, government,politics, economics and demographics. no reviews yet. http://www.world66.com/Page.Asp?Loc=323&Sec=4524

12. Turkmenistan : Arts And Humanities : History Sites History and Culture of Turkmenistan This site contains turkmenistan historyfrom early rulers in the 4th century BC to the arrival of the Oguz, Mongol http://search.asiaco.com/Turkmenistan/Arts_and_Humanities/History/

Home Add Site Change URL NewSites ... Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Turkmenistan : Arts and Humanities : History Home Turkmenistan Arts and Humanities : History Sites History and Culture of Turkmenistan This site contains Turkmenistan history from early rulers in the 4th century B.C to the arrival of the Oguz, Mongol invasions and lastly where Turkmenistan proclaimed its independence from the United Soviet Socialist Republic. URL: www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html Last modified 7-Jul-2000 History of Turkmenistan History of Turkmenistan Official page URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/History.html Last modified 1-Apr-1999 Options Help Help Site Map ... Privacy Notices This site is powered by Asiaco Servers

13. Turkmenistan: History History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistanpassed under Arab domination in the 8th century. turkmenistan history. http://www.slider.com/enc/53000/Turkmenistan_History.htm

Oil Lamp Home Encyclopeadia T Tru - Tun ... Rope Ladders Trellian WebPage Slider Search: The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Index Help Encyclopaedia Turkmenistan: History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th century. In the 11th century, it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th century and Tamerlane (Timur) in the 14th century. After the breakup (late 15th century) of the empire of Tamerlane's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th century, the Turkmens became subject to the khan of Khiva. In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of their stronghold, Geok Tepe. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan. A referendum for independence from the USSR was passed in Oct., 1991. Turkmenistan became a member of the

14. Useful Turkmenistan Links turkmenistan history, culture and horses Historical timeline by BBC http//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_1298000/1298522.stm; http://www.usemb-ashgabat.usia.co.at/linkstm.htm

English version What's New? Search Official Site of the U. S. Embassy in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Links This page brings you a comprehensive list of significant web-sites of Turkmen-origin. In the history, culture and horses category we have added a few other international sources. If you are looking for international sources about Turkmenistan, please see our More links category. This page will be updated regularly, so please bookmark it for reference. News and current events Turkmenistan.RU - http://www.turkmenistan.ru/ Press-Courier Turkmenbashy - http://www.tmpress.gov.tm/ "Ene-mahri" - http://www.nt-ene.gov.tm/ News by Sibnet - http://www.sibnet.tm/ Web-sites of Turkmen government and agencies Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan - http://www.grida.no/enrin/htmls/turkmen/soe2/english/backgr/backgr.htm Ministry of Communication of Turkmenistan - http://www.mct.gov.tm The State Raw Materials and Exchange of Turkmenistan - http://www.exchangetm.com/pages/eng/index.html Chamber of Commerce of Turkmenistan - http://www.ccitm.gov.tm/

15. Turkmenistan: History Back to Fact Monster, this page was printed from Factmonster.com www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html.encyclopediaEncyclopedia—turkmenistan history. http://print.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html

document.write('Print Now!'); this page was printed from Factmonster.com www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html Encyclopedia Turkmenistan History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv ), Turkmenistan passed under Arab domination in the 8th cent. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids , Turkmenistan came under Uzbek control. In the early 19th cent., the Turkmens became subject to the khanate of Khiva . In 1869, Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan.

16. ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations And Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples Of Mi ALMISBAH Regions, Nations and Peoples Particular Regions TurkicPeoples of Middle Asia turkmenistan history, Politics (WWW), http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg0302080303_

ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations and Peoples: Particular Regions: Turkic Peoples of Middle Asia: Turkmenistan: History, Politics (WWW) 1. Electionworld : Elections around the world Source Type Virtual Libraries, Internet Directories and Link Lists URL http://www.electionworld.org/ Keywords politics; elections; political parties; directories; Afghanistan; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; Qatar; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Bahrain; Iraq; Syria; Lebanon; Jordan; Mauritania; Algeria; Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Cyprus; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti; Somalia; Iran; Tajikistan; Turkey; Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. Turkmenistan : Personenkult statt Demokratisierung Source Type Single Articles / Books URL http://www.fes.de/fulltext/id/00110.html Keywords Turkmenistan; economy; economic development; politics; Middle Asia DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links SSG-FI Home ALMISBAH Source Type Subject This document created using allegro-C V20

17. AsiaGenWeb For Kids Links Page Sri Lanka; Sri Lanka History Tajikistan; Tajikistan History Links Turkmenistan;turkmenistan history Links Uzbekistan; Uzbekistan History Links. http://www.rootsweb.com/~wgwkids/asia.htm

Main Page Regions Holiday Traditions Posting A Query ... WGW AsiaGenWeb For Kids Links Archives Malaysia National Archives of Malaysia Singapore National Archives of Singapore Cemeteries China Find-A-Grave by Location: China India European Cemeteries in India Japan Find-A-Grave by Location: Japan Sri Lanka Garrison Cemetery - Kandy Census Genealogy Armenia Armenian Genealogical Society Armenian Genealogical Web Page China Immigration Department of Hong Kong India 'Beginner's Guide' to researching British and European ancestors who lived in colonial India History Afghanistan Afghanistan History Armenia Armenian and Causasian History Armenia History Links Azerbaijan Chronology of Major Events (1918-1920) Azerbaijan History Links Historical Turkic Peoples in Azerbaijan Bhutan History of the Bhutanese Refugees Central Asia History of Central Asia (Qazaqstan (Kazakhstan); Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Qirghizstan (Kyrgyzstan); and Tajikistan) submitted by Tom Tinney, Sr. China Ancient China India British India Starting Out - family history East India Trade 1500-1800 Family History in India History of Bombay Japan Timeline of Japanese History Kazakhstan History of Kazakhstan Maldives The history of the Maldives Mongolia Mongolia History Links North Korea Ancient History (pre-918 A.D.);

18. Links before the Oguz Islamization (750mid 15th century CE) Britannica.com (various articles)Viacheslav Pankratov's turkmenistan history Pages Turkmen History by http://www.iatp.edu.tm/baskurt/Links.html

This web site was created for FREE at www.homestead.com. Visit www.homestead.com to get your free web site - no programming required. Javascript is either disabled or not supported by this browser. This page may not appear properly. Internet Resources Turkmenistan general resources Sibnet Interactive Central Asia Resource Project SOROS Foundation Turkmenistan Resource Page Eurasia Foundation ... US Library of Congress Resources (search under Turkmenistan and Turkmen) Turkmen History Turkmenistan before the Oguz Islamization (750-mid 15th century CE) Britannica.com (various articles) Viacheslav Pankratov's Turkmenistan History Pages ... Turkmenistan Photo Gallery Turkmen Groups Overseas Turkmens of Stavropol, Russia Iraqi Turkmen Turkmen Emigrants to Afhganistan (1920s) Turkmen Horses Turanianhorse.com The Akhal Teke Network (Turkmen Horses) Turkmen Crafts and Arts Turkmen Dogs Central Asia and Turkic Studies Resources Eurasia Research Center The Turkology Update Leiden Project (TULP) Central Asia Monitor Magazine AsianAmerican.Net Resource Page ... Central Asian Armoury Page Works of Prof. Paksoy Alpamysh Destany-Central Asian Identity under Russian rule Various articles on Central Asian history, literature and identity

19. History Of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia History of Turkmenistan. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Theterritory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help History of Turkmenistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains , and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum desert into Persia Syria , and Anatolia . They developed the Akhal-Teke horse breed. Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century B.C. on his way to India . One hundred fifty years later the Parthian Kingdom took control of Turkmenistan, establishing its capital in Nisa, an area now located in the suburbs of the modern-day capital of Ashgabat. In the 7th century A.D. Arabs conquered this region, bringing with them the Islamic religion and incorporating the Turkmen into Middle Eastern culture. It was around this time that the famous "Road" was established as a major trading route between Asia and Europe. In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Afghanistan. The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when

20. Nations Online :: Turkmenistan History History of turkmenistan history of Turkmenistan Overview on Turkmenistanshistory. TM Domain .TM domain registration. Travel Latif Co. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/turkmenistan.htm

This page is part of One World - Nations Online One World - Nations Online Countries and Nations keywords: turkmenistan information, best of turkmenistan, turkmenistan newspapers, tourist information for turkmenistan, turkmenistan tourism, turkmenistan map Note: Links will open in a new browser window. Turkmenistan Country Code: tm Flag of Turkmenistan Background: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects can be worked out. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) border countries: Afghanistan Iran Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Official Sites of Turkmenistan Ministry of Communication of Turkmenistan Embassy of Turkmenistan Washington, D.C. Capital City: Ashgabat Map Political Map of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan.News Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Turkmen Service The Times of Central Asia Turkmenistan.News

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