41. 1Up Travel > Turkmenistan > History And Structure In Turkmenistan For List of Countries,Go to. Main Page. Country Study A Country Guide. CountryStudy Country Guide for turkmenistan. turkmenistan. history and Structure. http://www.1uptravel.com/country-guide-study/turkmenistan/turkmenistan25.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... Travel Reservations and Bookings More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Search 1Up Travel You are here Country Studies - Guide Turkmenistan ADVERTISEMENT Country Studies Guide For List of Countries,Go to Main Page Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History and Structure Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the

42. ICARP - Turkmenistan Human Rights and history of turkmenistan This page was created by Pankratov Viacheslav,who was born and raised in turkmenistan, and contains a detailed http://www.icarp.org/turkmen.html

43. Religion In Turkmenistan - History And Structure Religion in turkmenistan. history and Structure http://atheism.about.com/library/world/KZ/bl_TurkmenistanHistory.htm

zfp=-1 About Agnosticism/Atheism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Agnosticism/Atheism with Austin Cline Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Skepticism, Philosophy, Logic, Fallacies Church / State Separation Evolution vs. Creationism ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Religion in Turkmenistan History and Structure Religion Links Religious Freedom Reports Religion in the World What is Religion? Site Resources Main Site Index What is Atheism? Arguments for / against Gods Evolution vs. Creationism ... Book Reviews Chat Room There are people chatting now... Join them! Discussion Forum Do you have an opinion about this page? Make it known on the Discussion Forum Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called

44. Religion In Turkmenistan - Origins And Early History Religion in turkmenistan. Origins and Early history http://atheism.about.com/library/world/KZ/bl_TurkmenistanOrigins.htm

zfp=-1 About Agnosticism/Atheism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Agnosticism/Atheism with Austin Cline Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Skepticism, Philosophy, Logic, Fallacies Church / State Separation Evolution vs. Creationism ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Religion in Turkmenistan Origins and Early History Religion Links Religious Freedom Reports Religion in the World What is Religion? Site Resources Main Site Index What is Atheism? Arguments for / against Gods Evolution vs. Creationism ... Book Reviews Chat Room There are people chatting now... Join them! Discussion Forum Do you have an opinion about this page? Make it known on the Discussion Forum Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population

45. World History Archives: The Economic History Of Turkmenistan The economic history of turkmenistan. Hartford Web Publishing is notthe author of the documents in World history Archives and does http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/index-cc.html

The economic history of Turkmenistan Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of Turkmenistan An alternative approach to saving Turkmenistan's biodiversity By Galina Kamakhina, Catena Ecological Club, 6 September 1997. Proposes a technological change (soy beans), rather than a change in social relations, as a solution for environmental destruction resulting from commercialization of agricultural production. Turkmenistan Energy Reserve Controversy By Michael Sullivan, Ashkhabad, and Bob Edwards, Washington DC, NPR, 8 September 1998. Turmenistan sits on enormous gas and oil reserves, and US capitalists don't want to see the benefit accrue to Turkmenistan and Iran.

46. World Travel Guide - Turkmenistan - History & Government World Travel Guide turkmenistan - history Government -includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.sftpwtg.com/data/tkm/tkm580.htm

Travel Information Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Maps Regions and Cities The Silk Road Home World Middle East ... Turkmenistan History and Government History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the base for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum desert. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century. From the 15th century the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence, but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925. Turkmenistan's ability to embrace the reforms made possible by glasnost and independence have been hampered by its backward economy and, as a result, it retains more of the trappings of the old system than other post-Soviet republics. There have, however, been significant changes, such as the introduction of a new currency, and the framework for further economic change has been put in place. By contrast, politics have changed little since the Soviet era. The current President is Saparmurad Niyazov, who has been given the honorific title Turkmenbashi - leader of all Turkmen. He was elected President in 1992, having been Chairman of the Supreme Soviet since 1990, standing as the sole candidate. In a referendum in 1994 he was confirmed as President.

47. FSU New Issues - Turkmenistan - History And Culture Of Turkmenistan. history and Culture of turkmenistan. Date of issue 27th August 1992. 10.0 (R).multicoloured. Map of turkmenistan with places of culture and history. http://home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/turkmen/1992/tmbl.1.html

History and Culture of Turkmenistan. Date of issue: 27th August 1992. Designer: Ye. Goldin, I. Skorupsky Paper: coated Printing process: offset Perforation: imperforated Size: 111.5 x 79 mm. Printing run: 160.000 Michel catalogue number: Bl.1 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Map of Turkmenistan with places of culture and history. For buying FSU stamps, Postal stationery and Postal History, please, see Classified Ads This page is a part of the FSU New Issues Catalogue , maintained by the Worldwide Society of Russian Philately

48. FSU New Issues - Turkmenistan - History And Culture Of Turkmenistan. history and Culture of turkmenistan. Date of issue 27th August 1992.Designer G. Komlev, Ye. Goldin, I. Skorupsky Paper coated http://home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/turkmen/1992/tm4-9.html

History and Culture of Turkmenistan. Date of issue: 27th August 1992. Designer: G. Komlev, Ye. Goldin, I. Skorupsky Paper: coated Printing process: offset Perforation: comb. 12 1/2 Size: No 4, 6, 8 - 31.5 x 41.5 mm; No 5, 7, 9 - 41.5 x 31.5 mm. Sheet composition: No 4, 6, 8 - 35 (7 x 5) stamps; No 5, 7, 9 - 35 (5 x 7) stamps Printing run: 175.000 Michel catalogue numbers: 4-9. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. National women's gold and jewelled decoration, XIX c.. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Girl in traditional dress and Kopet-daga mountain 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Akhaltekin horseman. 10.0 (R). multicoloured. Buiding of Mollanepes drama theatre, Ashgabat. 15.0 (R). multicoloured. State arms. 25.0 (R). multicoloured. Portrait of president Saparmurat Niyazov on the background of national flag. Block.1 For buying FSU stamps, Postal stationery and Postal History, please, see Classified Ads This page is a part of the FSU New Issues Catalogue , maintained by the Worldwide Society of Russian Philately

49. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Humanities - History - Asia & Middle religion/atheism/library/world/ Austin Cline at About.com providesthis guide to turkmenistan's history, structure and religion. http://www.zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=566744

50. World66.com's Travel Guide To Turkmenistan turkmenistan history. Asia http://www.world66.com/Page.Asp?Loc=323&Sec=683

51. 1Up Info > Turkmenistan > History And Structure In Turkmenistan | Turkmen Inform turkmenistan. history and Structure. Islam came to the Turkmen primarilythrough the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/turkmenistan/turkmenistan25.html

You are here 1Up Info Turkmenistan History People ... News Search 1Up Info Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History and Structure Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the övlat, of which six are active, as a revitalized form of the ancestor cult injected with Sufism. According to their genealogies, each tribe descends from the Prophet Muhammad through one of the Four Caliphs. Because of their belief in the sacred origin and spiritual powers of the övlat representatives, Turkmen accord these tribes a special, holy status. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the

52. THE INTERNATIONAL MERV PROJECT TURKMENISTAN A history of the project by codirectors Georgina Herrmann and K. Kurbansakhatove.Category Science Social Sciences Regional Asia turkmenistan...... turkmenistan, which celebrated its independence on October 27, 1992, is seeking andhosts International Conferences dedicated to aspects of the history of Merv http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/casa/merv.html

THE INTERNATIONAL MERV PROJECT TURKMENISTAN An Anglo-Turkmen Archaeological Collaboration Directors: Dr. Georgina Herrmann (IoA, UCL); Dr. K. Kurbansakhatove (Ashgabat) Merv, along with Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus, was for eight hundred years one of the most important capitals of Islam. Indeed, without Merv, Baghdad, the Abbasid capital and cradle of their revolution of 750 A.D., might well never have been founded. Merv's greatest period of glory was probably the eleventh-twelfth centuries, when it was the principal Eastern capital of the great Seljuk Empire. This stretched from beyond the Oxus to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. Although badly damaged in the Mongol invasion of 1218 A.D., Merv was restored and its prosperity re-established under the descendants of Tamerlane in the early fifteenth century. Merv's position as the principal city of a great oasis on the major trade route from Khurasan to Transoxiana - a route known today as the 'Great Silk Road' - has long guaranteed its wealth, and the oasis still supports a population of a million. It is surrounded by the Kara Kum desert and is watered by the Murghab river, supplemented in recent times by the Kara Kum canal. Just how rich and prosperous this fertile oasis is and was can be readily proven by the size of the modern and ancient cities. The principal city today, and the largest in Turkmenistan after the capital of Ashgabat, is Mary, located 30 km. to the west of the earlier centres, while Seljuk Merv occupied an area of some 640 hectares.

53. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Turkmenistan http//globaledge.msu.edu turkmenistan history. The territory ofturkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistoryPrint.asp?CountryID=176&RegionID=3

54. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Turkmenistan history. The territory of turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times,as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=176&RegionID=3

55. Jewish History In Turkmenistan 2002. Jewish history in turkmenistan. Jewish history in turkmenistan An Overviewby JG Lissner Copyright 19992002 by JG Lissner. All Rights Reserved. http://joe3998.tripod.com/stso/id61.html

56. Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Home Country Focus turkmenistan Humanities history.Country Focus turkmenistan Humanities history. http://www.slavophilia.com/pages/Country_Focus/Turkmenistan/Humanities/History/

Home Search Options Home : Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Country Focus : Turkmenistan : Humanities : History Home Add a Site Modify a Site What's New ... Advertising info Inside Home Translation/Interpretation Services Software Dictionaries Slavophilia Forums Reserve your hotels/hostels worldwide Links: History of Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan is an ancient Land. Its History is closely connected with the neighboring peoples: Uzbeks, Kazakhs Tadjiks, Persians and Afgans. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] Sheffield Archaeology: Turkmenistan - details the work at the early Neolithic site of Jeitun, near Turkmenistan's capital, Ashgabad. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] Turkmenistan - Goal of this page is mainly History of Turkmenistan and exposing of violation of Human Rights in contemporary independent Turkmenistan. - (Added: 30-Jan-2003) [Rate It] You can post your questions, suggestions, ideas, news on Slavophilia Bulletin Board Join Slavophilia Forums Send comments, suggestions and corrections to webmaster@slavophilia.com

57. Turkmenistan - Government, History, Population, Geography And Maps Search the Net history; 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's moreimages and photos! turkmenistan source CIA World Factbook 1998, turkmenistan. http://www.worldrover.com/vital/turkmenistan.html

Search the Net: History 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's more images and photos! Turkmenistan source: CIA World Factbook 1998 Turkmenistan Geography [Top of Page] Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 60 00 E Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States Area: total: 488,100 sq km land: 488,100 sq km water: sq km slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total: 3,736 km border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km Coastline: km note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: subtropical desert Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sarygamysh Koli -110 m highest point: Ayrybaba 3,139 m Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt Land use: arable land: permanent crops: permanent pastures: forests and woodland: other: 26% (1993 est.)

58. Turkmenistan Maps, Pictures, History And More turkmenistan. Click on a link below to find travel guides, embassyinfo, flags, maps, brief history, facts, and more. Please email http://www.worldrover.com/country/turkmenistan_main.html

Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Search The Web! Free Travel Cheap Tickets Auction ... Make Money Turkmenistan Click on a link below to find travel guides, embassy info, flags, maps, brief history, facts, and more. Please email us if you have any questions or suggestions. Search the Net for: Travel Guides source: CIA World Factbook 1999 Vital Statistics Brief History Embassy Info Travel Guides Search Net: Term Paper Search Net: Travel Free Clip Art w/ Flags! Slash your student loans 53%!! Thanks Uncle Sam!! home ... embassies

59. Turkmenistan Travel: Turkmenistan Tour, Turkmenistan Travel Agency The great Silk Road. Season March to November. Destination Uzbekistan, turkmenistan.Activity Art history, Art history. Duration 11 days. Price $965 and above. http://www.biztravel.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/Turkmenistan.html

Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... South America Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Resorts Diving Turkmenistan Travel Ethnographic Applied Arts Tour - Turkmenistan -Uzbekistan 2002 Season: March to November Destination: Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Activity: Crafts Tours Cultural Expeditions Duration: 15 days Price: $650 and above On the horseback of Akhal Teke . Season: March to November Destination: Turkmenistan Activity: Horse Riding Duration: 11 days Price: $1300 and above Season: March to November Destination: Turkmenistan Activity: Desert Expeditions Duration: 10 days Price: $880 and above Route of the Caravans Season: January to December Destination: Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Activity: Cultural Expeditions Art/Architecture Archeology/History Duration: 17 days Price: $2985 and above Culturan, Historic, Ancient,Desert,Trekking, Nature Season: January to December Destination: Iran Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Activity: Archeology/History Cultural Expeditions Nature Trips Duration: 7 days Price: $1995 and above Iran - The Ancient Season: January to December Destination: Iran Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Activity: Archeology/History Cultural Expeditions Art/Architecture Duration: 9 days Price: $1275 and above Iran- The Silk Road Season: January to December Destination: Iran Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Activity: Archeology/History Cultural Expeditions Senior Tours Duration: 14 days Price: $1995 and above The great Silk Road Season: March to November Destination: Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Activity: Art History Art History Duration: 11 days

60. A Brief Outline To The Archaeological Pre-History Of Turkmenistan The long and indigenous cultural history of turkmenistan, which began well beforemigrations of mounted nomads from the northern steppe during the eighth http://www.weavingartmuseum.org/ex3_prehist.htm

Part I The history of the Turkmen responsible for the weavings illustrated in this catalog has never been easy to understand. Most references to their origins are based on the same hypothesis that begins with the migration of nomads from southern Siberia who brought with them the art of cut-pile weaving. While it is true that the oldest known knotted-pile weaving has been found in this general area, the following text will show that the prehistoric occupation of south-west Turkestan by indigenous groups of inhabitants must be considered before conceding that the much later migration of Siberian nomad groups was the only source for the Turkmen lifestyle and weaving tradition. The long and indigenous cultural history of Turkmenistan, which began well before migrations of mounted nomads from the northern steppe during the eighth century BC, should become quite obvious after reading the The tenacious quality of culture and tradition to remain fixed to geographical location is another factor that should not be forgotten in considering the history of the Turkmen. The societal changes that began in this area during the sixth millennium BC established important cultural fundamentals that were able to remain unchanged in the face of great social unrest and pressure. These intrinsic patterns in settlement location, architectural techniques, agricultural methods, animal husbandry and design traditions have survived virtually unchanged for thousands of years. They provide the real history of the Turkmen.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 177    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | Next 20