61. Who Owns Warri? as an imposition on nonItsekiri peoples of Warri. of the countries of sub-SaharaAfrica, citizenship is solve the problems of indigenous urhobo communities in http://www.urhobo.kinsfolk.com/Conferences/FirstAnnualConference/ConferenceMatte

Urhobo Historical Society FIRST ANNUAL MEETING AND CONFERENCE OF URHOBO HISTORICAL SOCIETY Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada November 3-5, 2000 Who Owns Warri? The Politics of Ethnic Rivalry in the Western Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria By Onoawarie Edevbie Detroit, Michigan Abstract This paper examines the conflicting claims of ownership of the Oil City of Warri by Itsekiri, Ijaw and Urhobo, three indigenous ethnic communities resident in this area of Western Niger Delta. It explores the colonial roots of the ethnic rivalry and the political dimensions that have been brought to bear on the conflict that resulted from the strife. Using theoretical framework offered by classical and modern theories of ethnic conflict, the paper evaluates the premises for the various claims made and rejects the notion that Warri belongs to any one particular ethnic group to the exclusion of others. The paper also demonstrates that the multiethnic composition of the area can only lead to the adoption of a differentiated political community: A Tri-Ethnic City of Warri , one that offers a logical opportunity for the sharing of jurisdictional rights, including those of the ownership and control of all resources within the area.

62. The Urhobos 1) people form one of the 7 indigenous ethnic groups (2 The Knowledge of Early EuropeansAbout urhobo. exchange of ideas, and a mingling of peoples about which http://www.nigeriannation.com/EthnicGroups/urhobos.asp

Top Read Topics Read: Topic: afro-american gal.Why do Nigerianmen luv americans The Ultimatum Chemical Weapons Whites vs Blacks.....Blacks vs Hispanics ... The US Invasion Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Brief biography of the first president of Nigeria .... Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, popularly known as 'Zik', is the father of modern Nigerian nationalism and chief architect of the country's independence. The first Nigerian to be appointed Governor-General and later President of Republican Nigeria... The Hausa When people in Nigeria hear the word Hausa they think of the tall majestic with smooth ebony skin who live in the northern two thirds of Nigeria, above the Niger and Benue rivers. Hausa is also the name of the language spoken by these people. The Hausa language is imple and musical. Biographies Codes Of Honor Culture Education ... Quiz 4/12/2003 10:27:50 AM Nigerian Time You are of users browsing right now Featured Photo A Female Dancer Ethnic Groups The Urhobos The Urhobos THE URHOBO people form one of the 7 indigenous ethnic groups of the people in the Delta Province of Western Nigeria. These groups are in four Administrative divisions, one of which is Urhobo Division. It is therefore the Urhobo division that is referred to broadly here as the Urhobo Country. This is because, in recent years the Isoko people who are also in the Division, have ceased to regard themselves as Urhobo.

63. An Anarchist Account Of Nigeria groups there are at least 50 peoples who see late 1999 in ethnic clashes involvingUrhobo and Itsekiri religion also features heavily in indigenous shows as http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/africa/accounts/chekov/nigeria.html

Nigeria, bubblin' 1 CRISES WITHOUT END Labour. Although the general strike Government Violence Sharia II OSHOGBO - HOLY SMOKE The mob which we had earlier seen were students from the nearby university. A local businessmen with four wives had acquired a new, young girlfriend, but he learned that she had a thing on the side with a student. The businessman disposed of this rival by denouncing him to the police for some infraction. The police promptly took him in for questioning and, in the process, shot him in the knees. This mob of students had gone to the market where the businessman had his operation and demonstrated their disapproval through pillage. The teargassing was the aftermath of the pillage of the market. The local woman seemed to put all the blame on the businessman and was particularly incensed by the fact that he already had four wives when he started this trouble. III BENIN The city of Benin is today far from picturesque. It is, in every way, a modern Nigerian city, untidy, dusty, smoky, smelly, noisy, crowded with an unbeleivable quantity of horn-tooting vehicles, yet resounding with the frenetic activity of countless small scale industries, to an extent unimagineable in other West African countries. Walking along the garbage strewn streets, one catches brief glimpses, in the ubiquitous low concrete houses, of rooms crowded with artisans concentrating intently on their labour. Particularly noticeable are the gate makers. Elaborately decorated iron gates are very popular in Nigeria. Strips of metal are beaten with hammers into delicate twists and curls to form great fans and floral motifs set into a heavy iron framework. Completed examples are laid out by the roadside as advertisements of the gatemaker's skill. Needless to say, the gates are all 10 feet high and topped with elegant, razor-sharp spikes.

64. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion Oral sources in the study of african indigenous religion, Cahiers Ellis AB, TheYorubaspeaking peoples of the Slave Coast of West africa their Religion http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr_bibliography.htm

Updated: 17 October, 2002 Abbink J., "Ritual and Environment: The Mósit ceremony of the Ethiopian Me'en people," Journal of Religion in Africa , "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse", Man Abimbola W., "The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The Yoruba Example" in Olupona, ed. Kingship, Religion and Rituals in a Nigerian community: a phenomenological study of Ondo Yoruba festivals . Stockholm,1991, 51-58. Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Acheampong S.O., "Reconstructing the structure of Akan traditional religion," Mission Ackah C. A., Akan Ethics. A Study of the Moral Ideasand the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana, Accra, 1988. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Adagala K., "Mother Nature, Patriarchal Cosmology & Gender" in Gilbert E.M., ed. Nairobi: Masaki Publishers.1992, 47-65.

65. Nigeria.html Resolutions of the First urhobo Economic Summit gestation that would usher in a durableindigenous democracy close of the 20th century, the peoples' struggle for http://www.materialien.org/africa/nigeria.html

home http://www.humanrights.de/n/nigeria/ Nigeria - die Wahrheit unter der Maske der Demokratie herausgegeben von Theophilus Emiowele Osezua. Introduction This small pamphlet, is actually a first step, that will eventually lead in the next few months to a larger documentation of the actual facts about the present and true political situation in Nigeria. It is being diffused over the Internet as Olusegun Obasanjo the successor to one of the worst dictators Nigeria has ever seen arrives in Germany. The purpose of this visit is to attract more international investment. Which is a euphemism for increased riches for the already wealthy, ruination for the poor, terror for those who resist and destruction for the environment. We welcome the participation in our project of all democratic individuals and groups who oppose this naked pillage protected by military force. What we are seeing is the re-enactment of a century old scenario. The transfer of riches from the oppressed Nigerian masses to giant western multinationals and a handful of brigands in Africa. With the difference however that unprecedented technological means and propaganda are being mobilised to carry out the plunder on a scale never before seen. This is why we

66. Edofolks.com were no elements of homogeneity in the peoples that occupied evolved as a mediumof common indigenous socially interwoven 99 Tiv 100 Udo ~101 urhobo 102 Uro. http://www.edofolks.com/html/pub37.htm

NIGERIA'S EVOLVED LINGUAL FRANCA TEACH YOURSELF GUOSA LANGUAGEBOOK 2 ALEX IGBINEWEKA. TEACH YOURSELF GUOSA LANGUAGEBOOK 2 ALEX IGBINEWEKA (The Evolver and Exponent of the Guosa Language) *20th Century Evolutions, Nigeria Guosa Publication Services, (April, 2000) External Office: P.O. Box 2797 Richmond, CA 94802-2797 Tèlìwáya/Tèlìyáh (Telephone/Telifax): (510) 233-9228 Síokòh (pager): (510) 389-0358 ISBN 978-30291-2-6 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED IN THE USA Ìfìnèrí: Introduction: In 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of a colony, an administrative boundaries set up by the British colonialists, were dismantled and the colonies merged by Sir Frederick Lord Lugard. The merger became the first political turning point and a milestone development. It brought about the birth through the amalgamation of a unit geo-entity and nation called Nigeria. Consequently, Nigeria did not evolve through any known ethnographic origins. The amalgamation was cosmetic and that can be seen as such because there were no elements of homogeneity in the peoples that occupied the vast landmass. And then, in 1960, a new Nation State earned her right to self-determination and government. Nigeria, now a sovereign entity followed in the wake of the traditions willed to her by her colonialists. She readily embraced the English Language as her tentative Lingua-franca. This was not done in isolation as the country took due cognizance of the fact that Nigeria is a land of contrasts.

67. Language Explanations is the third largest language of africa in the In many cases where peoples of differentlinguistic Quechua, Quechua ( qheshwa ) is an indigenous language of the http://kenax.hypermart.net/kenax/language_explanations.htm

This site gives a brief description with links of the more than 180 languages provided by KENAX Translating . Note that some of these explanation are unedited and contributed by translators. (This site is still being worked on.) Afghani The language spoken in Afghanistan Afrikaans Similar to Flemish, which is 40% Dutch, 40% German and 20% everything possible. Spoken in South Africa Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sesotho (the Sesotho name for Southern Sotho), Setswana (the Setswana name for Tswana), Swazi (also known as Siswati), Tsonga (also known as Xitsonga), Venda (also isiVenda), Xhosa (also isiXhosa) and Zulu (also isiZulu) are 10 of the official languages of South Africa (the last and eleventh being English). All these languages are therefore predominantly spoken in South Africa. Akkadian Akkadian is one of the great cultural languages of world history. Akkadian (or Babylonian-Assyrian) is the collective name for the spoken languages of the culture in the three millennia BCE in Mesopotamia, the area between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, approx. covering modern Irak. The name Akkadian so called in ancient time is derived from the city-state of Akkad, founded in the middle of the third millennium BCE and capital of one of the first great empires after the dawn of human history. Albanian The Albanian language is a branch of the Indo-European family tree, and consists of only one language, which is the official language of

68. Raceandhistory.com - Nigeria: The Edo Of Benin Okpaima-khin) The term Edo-speaking peoples appears to as a first language Ishan,Ora, urhobo, Agbor, Igbanke ruler of Lagos is the only indigenous king in http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/edoofbenin.htm

Bookstore World Hot Spots Historical Views Vanishing Evidence ... Taino, Amerindians Nigeria: The Edo of Benin April 2000 By Osamuyimen Stewart , Ph.D. This posting is a collection of oral tradition passed down to me, my critical evaluation of folklore, and ideas from a variety of written sources (Egharevba 1934, Bradbury 1957, Crowder 1962, Basil Davidson et al 1965, Akenzua 1979, Igbafe 1979, Erhagbe (class notes) 1983). Introduction Although Nigeria was the creation of European ambitions and rivalries in West Africa, it would be an error to assume that its peoples had little history before its final boundaries were negotiated by Britain, France and Germany at the turn of the twentieth century. According to Crowder, this newly created country had a number of great kingdoms that had evolved complex systems of government prior to contact with Europeans. Within its frontiers was the kingdom of the Edo, whose art had become recognized as amongst the most accomplished in the world. The twin kingdoms of Edo and Oyo (Yorubaland) remained two of the most powerful kingdoms on the west coast of Africa up until the establishment of the British Protectorate at the end of the nineteenth century. Though very little is known for certain about the early history of Edo and Oyo, there have fortunately survived from these ancient kingdoms some remarkable and very beautiful bronzes and terra cottas, some of which rank among the masterpieces of world sculpture.

69. Ìrìnkèrindò remarkable, since the Itsekiri and urhobo are at Can indigenous African religionunite Africans in the incessant and perpetual wanderings of African peoples. http://www.africamigration.com/okome_banoum_editorial.htm

Ìrìnkèrindò: An Idea Whose Time Has Come. Mojúbàolú Olúfúnké Okome and Bertrade Ngo Ngijol-Banoum In more modern times, movements of Africans from one country to another with the aim of permanent settlement have been on the increase. The major causes of African immigration have included social upheavals, economic calamities, civil warfare, natural catastrophes, political and religious persecutions. The single most compelling motivation leading African people to uproot themselves from their native lands and to emigrate towards foreign shores has been the desire to find greater opportunity and security somewhere else. In the last two decades, the nature and scope of African immigration has changed dramatically due to the processes of globalization and democratization, as underscored by Okome in her two papers. For Samuel P. Huntington, immigration is a phenomenon that threatens to dilute American national identity because it engenders constant assault on the national culture. Whereas the values and institutions of the White Anglo Saxon Protestant settlers shaped American consciousness in the foundational stage of the new nation, endorsing the dominance of the English language, the separation of church and state, and idealizing individualism, while only grudgingly and partially assimilating black people, and fully assimilating white European immigrants, today, the ideology of multiculturalism challenges the established cultural order. By threatening American culture, immigration also threatens the American Creed, those “

70. Chief Anthony Enahoro Speaks On Nigerian National Question: Towards A New Consti urhobo Historical Society. to realise our dream of a voluntary Federal Union of IndigenousPeoples to build the greatest country in africa and to promote http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Essays/Politics/NationalQuestion-Enahoro.html

Urhobo Historical Society The National Question: Towards A New Constitutional Order By Anthony Enahoro A Guest Lecture at Yoruba Tennis Club, Onikan, Lagos, July 2, 2002 PRESIDENT Olusegun Obasanjo was reported in the media to have stated that he is not opposed to a National Conference provided it is constructive and contributes to national solidarity. Our organisation, the Movement for National Reformation (MNR), reacted by publicly welcoming the president's statement as a positive contribution to the national debate on the expediency of a national conference in favour of which popular public demand has refused to go away or to abate, in spite of all efforts to misinterpret and undermine it. Our discussion this afternoon can be reduced to a simple question: what do we expect a National Conference to produce? Before endeavouring to answer the question, I ask your indulgence to quote at some length from an address, which I gave seven months ago to the Steering Committee of the MNR, because it is at the very heart of our subject today. "This is the challenge which the 21st Century imposes on us and on Nigeria's leaders. And this is the fundamental purpose of the National Conference, which we have urged for many years and which has now caught the imagination of the populace (and, we are delighted to note, the President himself). The cardinal rationale of a national conference, as I see it, would be to enable us come to terms with our diversity and turn it to our collective advantage. I repeat that this is what I would call "constructive diversity".

71. Citizenship, Indigeneship And Conflict In Central Nigeria to use it to offer their peoples special protections Although he is still indigenousto his place of are the Ife/Modakeke, Umuleri/Aguleri, urhobo/Itsekiri/Ijaw http://www.abdullahiadamu.com/speeches/citizenship.htm

Citizenship, "Indigeneship" and Conflict in Central Nigeria: Options for Constitutional Remedies. ADDRESS DELIVERED BY ALHAJI ABDULLAHI ADAMU (SARKIN YAKIN KEFFI), EXECUTIVE GOVERNOR OF NASARAWA STATE AT A PRESIDENTIAL RETREAT ON PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN SOME CENTRAL STATES, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF POLICY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES (NIPSS), KURU, PLATEAU STATE, JANUARY 24-26, 2002 For over a decade now, North Central Nigeria has been plunged into a vortex of communal disputes. Hitherto peaceful communities are at each other's throat. Peoples that have cohabited peacefully in some instances for over a century are up in arms against each other. The age-old bonds that once bound communities together are falling apart with the unfortunate consequence that very minor disagreements often result in violence. From Kaduna to Jos, from Bauchi to Taraba, Benue and Nasarawa, a situation is rapidly developing which threatens to destabilize the entire Middle Belt or the North Central Zone. As leaders we are faced with a predicament we never prepared or bargained for. The meagre resources we get in the region are being frittered away on conflict management in a zone that is unarguably the poorest in Nigeria. The situation in the Middle Belt demands urgent national attention for several reasons. First, this belt by its strategic geographical location is the connecting rod that binds the rest of the Nigerian federation together. Because it is so centrally located, instability in this region if left unattended could gradually tear the country apart. The movement of people and goods between the North and the South passes through this region. A major crisis in the region therefore has immense social and economic implications.

72. The High Cost Of Cheap Oil The urhobo also demanded for immediate clean up rural community with predominantlyindigenous population devoted to evictions of local peoples, and undermine http://www.wrm.org.uy/publications/oil3.html

Publications The high cost of cheap oil Selection of articles published in the WRM's Bulletin on the issue of climate change. click here to download the complete publication in rtf format index previous page Africa Menacing oil exploitation in Chad and Cameroon An international consortium consisting of Exxon, Shell and ELF is planning a multi-billion dollar oil exploitation project that will involve territories of Chad and Cameroon. It is feared that the project will bring very serious environmental and social risks that may create another Ogoniland, Nigeria's oil-producing region marked by environmental devastation and brutal human rights violations. The project plans the development of the Doba oil-fields in southern Chad, and a 600 mile pipeline through Cameroon to transport oil to an Atlantic port for its export. Public funding from international development agencies -mainly the World Bank- is needed to realize the project. The World Bank intends to fund it both with IDA credits -supposed to help the poorest countries- and through the International Finance Corporation, that supports private sector companies directly. The World Bank claims that the project will alleviate poverty because revenue from oil for the Government of Chad and royalties for that of Cameroon for the use of the pipeline would be invested in poverty programmes. However, this strategy has clearly little credibility, since both governments have shown a complete lack of commitment to poverty alleviation and besides are known for their lack of transparency in their financial transactions. So the allocation of aid dollars for these kinds of projects actually diverts scarce resources away from investments for social welfare.

73. Africans Art must consider both perspectives the indigenous as well the cultures of other peoplesonly by from a longstanding Western, imperialistic involvement in africa. http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_art=360

74. Africans Art roughly 15,000 members of the Bidjogo peoples inhabit some manage to preserve manyindigenous traits Ngandela Bidjogo Akan Benin urhobo Igbo Akuapem http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_rubr=38

75. Visit The World Of Chevron mangroves in 46 countries, and indigenous communities in Ijaw youths and Peopleswill promote the principle neighbors the Itsekiri, Ilaje, urhobo, Isoko, Edo http://www.moles.org/ProjectUnderground/reports/chevworld2.html

supporting the human rights of communities resisting mining and oil exploitation Visit the World of Chevron Niger Delta, 1999 YOU KNOW THE QUESTION At a rate of over 400,000 barrels per year In the 1990s, as organized protest mass discontent , and resistance movements have emerged and grown in the oil-rich Delta region of Nigeria, the choice between listening to communities and supporting the guns that silence them has grown clearer. The nonviolent campaign of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), led by Ken Saro-Wiwa, forced oil giant Shell from the Ogoni homeland. The Nigerian government crackdown that followed, including the military occupation of Ogoni, challenge the multinational oil companies , including Shell, Mobil and Chevron Groups such as the Ijaw Youth Congress, Niger Delta Women for Justice , and the pan-Delta nonviolent resistance group Chicoco Oronto Douglas, Environmental lawyer with Environmental Rights Action Speaking at the announcement of Operation Climate Change: A program of demonstrations, dances, prayers and civil disobedience to end gas flaring in Ijawland

76. EarthFirst Journal - Feature Story on this watershed and the indigenous urhobo, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ogoni and Ilaje peopleswho depend Summer, actions were organized by indigenous women working http://www.earthfirstjournal.org/efj/feature.cfm?ID=171&issue=v22n8

77. The National Question be made basically in the indigenous languages, with peaceful coexistence betweenpeoples of different Ijaw Federation, Igbo Federation, urhobo Federation, Edo http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/narticles/national_question.htm

The National Question: Towards a new constitutional order By Chief A nthony Enahoro P RESIDENT Olusegun Obasanjo was reported in the media to have stated that he is not opposed to a National Conference provided it is constructive and contributes to national solidarity. Our organisation, the Movement for National Reformation (MNR), reacted by publicly welcoming the president's statement as a positive contribution to the national debate on the expediency of a national conference in favour of which popular public demand has refused to go away or to abate, in spite of all efforts to misinterpret and undermine it. Our discussion this afternoon can be reduced to a simple question: what do we expect a National Conference to produce? Before endeavouring to answer the question, I ask your indulgence to quote at some length from an address, which I gave seven months ago to the Steering Committee of the MNR, because it is at the very heart of our subject today. I said them: "I invite you to reflect on the fact, which I suggest is abundantly clear, that one of the most challenging determinants of the crises on the international scene as well as on the domestic scene today, is ethnic diversity. The challenge of ethnic diversity - in some cases even strong sub-ethnic diversity within an integral ethnic group - is a major ingredient in crises in Africa and abroad today. Unfortunately, it is vigorously at work in Nigeria, hence we must recognise that stability, progress and the prospects of democracy and

78. Operation World: Nigeria - Detailed Information Idoma(4) 800,000; Igbirra 660,000; urhobo 608,000; Isekiri has revealed that 168 peoplesare inadequately lack of resident workers, indigenous churches, Bible http://nema.gospelcom.net/ow_nigeria/owtext.html

Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria August 30-September 2 Africa Home Wel com e ... Mission Opportunity Operation World click to enlarge GEOGRAPHY Area 923,768 sq.km. Mangrove and tropical rain forests in the south, savannah and grasslands in the north. The country is drained by the Niger-Benue river systems. Population Ann.Gr. Density 121 per sq. km. 150 per sq. km. 198 per sq. km. Africa’s most populous nation. Census figures have in the past been manipulated for religious or political advantage by the ruling Muslim elite. The figures of the 1991 census have been widely accepted. Capital Abuja 500,000. Other major cities: Lagos 5 mill.; Ibadan 1.7m; Kano 1.5m; Port Harcourt 1.2m; Kaduna 1m; Enugu 900,000; Jos 650,000. Urbanites 44%. Neglect of agriculture has accelerated urban migration. PEOPLES Over 490 ethnic groups. The triangular rivalry between the Hausa/Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo have dominated Nigerian politics since independence. Guinean 49.5%. Mainly across south and centre. Over 70 peoples, mostly Christian, some Muslim. Yoruba 20.3mill.; Igbo (Ibo) 19.9m; Edo 1.1m; Nupe 1.1m; Ijaw(4) 970,000; Igala 891,000; Idoma(4) 800,000; Igbirra 660,000; Urhobo 608,000; Isekiri 557,000; Isoko 423,000; Gbari 409,000; Esan 357,000; Izi 357,000; Ewe 340,000; Ezaa 322,000. Hausa-Chadic 20.6%. Mainly in north. Though over 25% of all people speak Hausa, many who embrace Islam switch to Hausa. Over 100 peoples, majority are Muslim. Hausa 23m.

79. 1Up Info > Nigeria > The Southern Area | Nigerian Information Resource Wole Soyinka, africa's first Nobel prizewinner in literature To a lesser extent,the peoples of the especially the Bini speakers and Urhobowere culturally http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/nigeria/nigeria59.html

You are here 1Up Info Nigeria History People ... News Search 1Up Info Nigeria Nigeria The Southern Area Village elder from Gusau in highlands of eastern Nigeria Courtesy World Bank (Josef Hadad) In general, the southern groups of peoples have a fragmented quality. In 1990 the two most important groupings were the Igbo and the Yorubaboth linguistic communities rather than single ethnic units. History, language, and membership in the modern nation-state, however, had led to their identity as ethnic groups. In addition, although not as clearly differentiated, two subunits had strong traditions of ethnic separateness. These were the peoples of the Niger River delta area and those on the border between the Igbo and Yoruba. The Yoruba kingdoms were essentially unstable, even when defended by Portuguese guns and later by cavalry (in Ilorin and Kabba), because the central government had insufficient power constitutionally or militarily to stabilize the subordinate chiefs in the outlying centers. This fissiparous tendency has governed Yoruba contemporary history and has weakened traditional rulers and strengthened the hands of local chiefs and elected councils. Ilorin, like Nupe to the north, was an exception, an extension of Fulani imperial expansion; in 1990 it was ethnically Yoruba, yet more closely allied through its traditional rulers to the Islamic societies to the north. It thus formed a bridge between north and south. Migration of Fulani people in northern Nigeria

80. World Congress On Language Policies Mandarin Chinese and Mainland Chinese; urhobo and Okpe cultures ( a means of preservingpeoples culture not impossible for the heritage, indigenous, nonofficial http://www.linguapax.org/congres/plenaries/Emanege.html

LANGUAGE POLICIES AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES PROF E. NOLUE EMENANJO National institute for Nigerian Languages PMB 7078 - Ogbor Hill - Aba, NIGERIA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Given the intimidating literature now available on the theory and practice of language planning in general (status planning, corpus planning, acquisition planning) and identity planning, and language policy in particular, and their relationship with ethno-political discourse it is, perhaps, worth the while to preface our presentation with some definitions. These will help to partly delimit the boundaries and focus of our paper and to partly reduce to a manageable level, unnecessary repetition and overlap with the other topics commissioned and advertised for this Congress, and its workshops. POLICY, POLICIES AND LANGUAGE POLCIY CULTURE, SOCIETY AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES The above holistic definition of culture was given at the UNESCO conference on cultural policies in Mexico in 1982. This launched the United Nations World Decade on Cultural Policies. By and large, the international community has formally adopted this rather broad UNESCO - sponsored view on culture, in what is now known as the Declaration of MONDIACULT. Culture is manifested in, among other things, music, art, painting, dance, folklore, literature and cultural heritage. These constitute the core of society's cultural identity. A society has its distinctive features, its cultural heritage, its cultural identity. From pristine times to now, such a society could be a social group, an ethnic group, a linguistic community, a state, a nation or a nation state.

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