21. List Of Articles By Subject / Encyclopedia Of The World's Minorities South Asians in africa and the MiddleEast, 1000 words. South Asians in Asia and thePacific, 1000 words. Taiwan’s indigenous peoples, 1000 words. wolof, 1000 words. http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/chicago/minorities/articles-subject.php3

Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities List of articles by subject Entries sorted alphabetically A: PERSONS B: TOPICS C: GROUPS ... D: COUNTRIES A: PERSONS (back to top) Achebe, Chinua (Nigerian) 1000 words Adams, Gerry (Northern Ireland Catholic) 1000 words Aga Khan (Ismali) 1000 words Ali, Muhammad (African-American) 1000 words Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (Harijan) 1000 words Arafat, Yasser (Palestinian) 1000 words Ben Jelloun, Tahar (Algerian) 1000 words Bhindranwale, Jarnail Sant (India-Sikh) 1000 words Bonner, Neville Thomas (Aborigine) 1000 words Chavez, Cesar (Mexican-American) 1000 words Césaire, Aimé (Martiniquais) 1000 words Da Silva, Benedita (Afro-Brazilian) 1000 words Dalai Lama (Tibetan) 2000 words De Klerk, F.W. (Afrikaner) 1000 words Du Bois, W.E.B. (African-American) 1000 words Fanon, Frantz Omar (Algerian) 1000 words Farrakhan, Louis (African-American) 1000 words Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (India) 1000 words Garang, John (Sudanese) 1000 words Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican) 1000 words Gheorghe, Nicolae (Roma Romania) 1000 words Grant, Bernie (United Kingdom)

22. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Mauritania - Historical Highlights and 'black' Moors (the enslaved indigenous class Saharan Africans (Haalpulaar, Soninke,and wolof) entered Mauritania a dominant role for the SSaharan peoples. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/mr/Mauritania_history_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Mauritania (Notes) Mauritania - Historical Highlights (Notes) HISTORY French colonization at the beginning of the 20th century brought legal prohibitions against slavery and an end to interclan warfare. During the colonial period, the population remained nomadic, but sedentary black Africans, whose ancestors had been expelled centuries earlier by the Moors, began to trickle back into southern Mauritania. As the country gained independence in 1960, the capital city Nouakchott was founded at the site of a small colonial village, the Ksar, and 90% of the population was still nomadic. With independence, larger numbers of ethnic Sub-Saharan Africans (Haalpulaar, Soninke, and Wolof) entered Mauritania, moving into the area north of the Senegal River. Educated in French language and customs, many of these recent arrivals became clerks, soldiers, and administrators in the new state. Moors reacted to this change by increasing pressure to Arabicize many aspects of Mauritanian life, such as law and language. A schism developed between those who consider Mauritania to be an Arab country (mainly Moors) and those who seek a dominant role for the S-Saharan peoples. The discord between these two conflicting visions of Mauritanian society was evident during intercommunal violence that broke out in April 1989 (the '1989 Events') but has since subsided. The tension between these two visions remains a feature of the political dialogue. A significant number from both groups, however, seek a more diverse, pluralistic society.

23. The Technological Dimension Of Africa's Crisis Of evident in the evolution of indigenous science of smelting peoples who were notedfor their early craftsmanship in iron were the wolof, Susu, the http://www.aaps.co.zw/Publications/AIJP/Agbu.html

The Technological Dimension of Africa’s Crisis of Development: An Agenda for the 21 st century Introduction The South Centre , 1998:34). We strongly believe that the widely recognised technological weakness of Africa has assumed the dimensions of crisis, which is part of the total crisis that Africa is experiencing in this era. A corpus of literature exists on Africa's technological crisis and the related dimensions of the efficacy or otherwise of technology transfers as vehicles for technological and industrial growth as seen in the works by Adubifa (1990), Agbu (1992, 1995, 1997), Ake (1981), Eze (1986) and Masanjo (1991) amongst others. Opposing the view taken by the liberal economic approach, a significant number of South scholars believe that since the technology "gap" will most likely continue to exist, technology transfers bereft of fundamental changes in institutional and international regimes governing technology does not even begin to address the problem. Africa's crisis of technological development can very easily be appreciated from the fact that some forty countries in sub-Saharan Africa display common features of semi-subsistence peasant agriculture and very low levels of modern industry and infrastructure even in the twenty-first century. At the end of the 20th century, which witnessed unparalleled advances in the technological and scientific fields, poverty still burdened the lives of millions who live in Africa. Of the 174 countries indexed by the United Nation's Human Development Report, 18 of the bottom 20 were African scoring very low on literacy, life expectancy, schooling and per capita GDP but high on population growth (Mills and Mutscher, 1998:2).

24. Africa South Of The Sahara - Development, The Economy A comprehensive database of business and economic development links from Stanford University.Category Regional africa Business and Economy...... Development, Food Security, Microfinance, indigenous peoples, etc. Sierra Leone,Ethiopia and Eritrea, AIDS in africa. ou Goor (l'homme en wolof) In French. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/devel.html

Topics : Development Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... 50 Years Is Enough: U.S. Network for Global Economic Justice Information on debt relief for Africa . The organization is a "coalition of 205 grassroots, faith-based, policy, women's, social- and economic-justice, youth, solidarity, labor, and development organizations dedicated to the profound tranformation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Based in Washington, D.C. http://www.50years.org/index.htm AFAGRICT-L An electronic forum devoted to ICTs in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management in Africa . Has information on African telecentres and annotated directories by Mike Jensen to related web sites . http://www.agricta.org/afagrict-l/index.htm To subscribe, send email to: LYRIS@LYRIS.BELLANET.ORG In the message area put: SUBSCRIBE AFAGRICT-L FIRSTNAME LASTNAME Africa Business Information Services "...information and analysis on business and economics in Africa." ABIS "aims to help companies and individuals come to a better understanding of African economies and make decisions about them." Includes articles on political development, the section Nigeria Business Information , a special report on Nigeria's leading banks by reporters from the Vanguard newspaper (Nigeria), "The Way Forward for Africa" by A. Bolaji Akinyemi, etc. Based in the U.K.

25. UNESCO - General History Of Africa: Volume V by the end of the great indigenous empires and to the eighteenth century evolutionof the wolof, Sereer and The interior of East africa the peoples of Kenya http://www.unesco.org/culture/africa/html_eng/volume5.htm

project description International Scientific Committee authors chapter on-line ... photo gallery Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century Editor: Professor B.A. Ogot (Kenya) Summary: This period is marked by the end of the great indigenous empires and the early contacts with Europeans. The system of exploitation of Africa’s human resources by Europe and America known as the slave trade was put in place and lasted throughout these three centuries. The period also saw the transformation of coastal societies, from Senegal to Congo and in East Africa. n Contents editions Main edition English: 1992, Heinemann/ UNESCO/ University of California Press French 1999, UNESCO/NEA Arabic: 1998, UNESCO Abridged edition English: 1999, UNESCO/ James Currey/ University of California Press French: 1998, UNESCO/ Edicef/ Présence Africaine n Contents Chapter 1: The struggle for international trade and its implications for Africa M. MALOWIST

26. [Caravana] Caravana To Africa. Some FACTSHEETS. 1%) Language English (official), Mandinka, wolof, Fula, other Muslim (90%), Christian(9%), indigenous beliefs (1 section of West African peoples and discover http://lists.indymedia.org/mailman/public/caravana/2002-April/000015.html

[Caravana] Caravana to Africa. some FACTSHEETS. Marcus Sky sky-indymedia at btclick.com Fri, 5 Apr 2002 17:40:02 +0100 Previous message: [Caravana] How Does Unlimited Free Calling Work? Next message: [Caravana] SUMMARY OF FIRST CARAVAN MEETING Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Dear IMCista's A CARAVANA TO AFRICA related articles and introduction can be found on the caravana list.if you are new to the list, i recommend that you join! http://lists.indymedia.org/mailman/listinfo/caravana From the recommendations so far, it is advised to take a boat trip from http://lists.indymedia.org/mailman/listinfo/imc-sa there currently seems to be a problem and will cause difficulties is that there is no list for the johannesburg summit as far as i can find... Finally, i need as many conclusions that were learnt on the South american trip. if people post onto caravana, people should read them....i also need ideas on financing as well as many other things to start the debate. i look foward to all contributions to make this trip as productive and safe for all. MAP OF AFRICA Morocco Mauritania Gambia Guinea Liberia Côte d'Ivoire Togo Nigeria Cameroon Namibia South Africa http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/loc-afr.htm

27. African Music On The Web devoted to the music of the wolof peoples of Senegal http//www.rootsworld.com/rw/africa.html. topromote South african art music and indigenous South african http://www.canajun.com/rmcguire/music/africa.htm

African Music on the Web This list of African music websites is adapted and updated from one published in published as a Collector's Edition in June 1998 for Africa Fête. Rhythm (formerly RhythmMusic) is a magazine of global sounds and ideas published 11 times a year. For subscription or other information, phone (800) 464-2767 (U.S.) or (212) 253-6271 (overseas), or e-mail: subscribe@rhythmusic.com Africa on the Web http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/ Jen Finke's Traditional Music and Cultures of Kenya includes hundreds of pages covering Kenya's tribes, including their traditions, religions and beliefs, oral and written histories, etc. including music and dance with full-length sound clips. http://www.wco.com/~sctierra/faq_v1.html FAQ for the Djembe-L mailing list, featuring lively exchange on African rhythms and music, instrument construction, links to all known hand drum related sites, international listings of teachers and drum circles and an exhaustive discography of performance and instructional materials related to African drumming. http://www.after-science.com/olatunji/index.html

28. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Gambia and text about archaeology, African peoples and the with names in Latin, English,wolof, Mandinka, Serer selection of birds, including indigenous species and http://www.statraveluk.lonelyplanet.com/africa/gambia/

Gambia Jump to: Introduction Facts for the Traveler When to Go Events ... Getting Around Introduction In contrast to its all-enveloping neighbour, Senegal, and the massive nations surrounding them, Gambia looks like a sliver in the side of Africa. True, it ranks among the continent's tiniest countries, but its attractions are just as bright and bold-faced as any in the region. Its capital city, Banjul, is a uniquely African experience, with a bustling marketplace and enough streetside culture to chase away the holiday daze of glitzier cities. And for an even more 'traditional' outlook, a quick trip upriver brings you into the Gambian heartland, where the colourful buzz of weekly markets vies with boat trips through mangrove creeks and bike jaunts to mud-hut villages for your time and appreciation. Although Gambia is largely defined by its natural features - from the Gambia River, which runs the length of the country, to the golden beaches of its Atlantic coast resorts - the country's greatest draw lies in its people, their culture and the amiable atmosphere of daily life. Whether you're making conversation at a kerbside coffee stall or shouting yourself hoarse at a weekend wrestling match, you're sure to come away with as warm a feeling for Gambians as they tend to show to travellers. Full country name: Republic of The Gambia Area: 11,300 sq km (4400 sq mi)

29. Harvard Courses On Sub-Saharan Africa-FAS national languages such as Berber, wolof, Arabic, and such as prior informed consentof indigenous peoples), at the and social development in africa, Asia, and http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~cafrica/course.html

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Denotes courses entirely on Africa CORE CURRICULUM Foreign Cultures 70. Understanding Islam and Contemporary Muslim Societies Ali S. Asani Offers an introductory survey of the Islamic world as well as the fundamental concepts and devotional practices of the Islamic faith. Focuses on developing an understanding of the diversity of the Muslim religious worldview and the manner in which it has influenced the political, social, and cultural life of Muslims in various parts of the world, particularly in the modern period. Briefly considers the contemporary situation of Muslims as a religious minority in Europe and the United States. Half course (fall term). Mon., Wed., (Fri.), at 12:00, and a weekly section to be arranged. Note: Expected to be omitted in 2003-04. *Historical Study A-21. Africa and Africans: The Making of a Continent in the Modern World Caroline M. Elkins Understanding Africa as it exists today requires an understanding of the broader historical trends that have dominated the continent's past. This course will provide an historical context for understanding issues and problems as they exist in contemporary Africa. It will offer an integrated interpretation of

30. Africa97 site include, but is not limited to the following Amhara of Ethiopia, the Ashnatiof Ghana, the wolof or Jolof pp. 121, indigenous Culture. peoples of africa pp http://www.siue.edu/~dbrowne/anth310/anth310.html

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Dallas L.Browne, Ph.D. Anthropology 310, Sec. 001 People and Cultures of Africa http://www.siue.edu/~dbrowne Office: PH 0211/ Class: PH0413                       M,W,F 11.00 – 11.50 A.M                       Office Hours: 3:00 P.M MWF                       By appointment Tel. 692-2138 PEOPLE AND CULTURES OF AFRICA : FALL 2002 1. Course Description and Objectives: 2. Class Participation 3. Map of Africa 4. African Culture ... 11. Course Outline Course Description and Objectives:                 This course surveys a selected sample of the rich and diverse cultures that are Africa 's heritage.  The cultures studied in this course are by no means exhaustive, rather they are indicative of the broad range of human cultures that Africa offers humanity.   Enhanced appreciation of these cultures demonstrates Africa 's tremendous potential for development.   The course begins with a brief historical review of Africa from its role as the cradle of humanity and the early development of civilization with impressive state systems, to its current uneven development which varies a great deal from country to country and culture to culture.  The course will examine cultural features that assist and imped the efforts of new nations as they struggle to modernize.  This is a WebCT assisted course and you can find your current grades online, as well as other features, such as a targeted syllabus by visiting my WebPage at,   http://www.siue.edu/~dbrowne/.

31. The Black Female Body In Photographs From World’s Fairs And Expositions. Carlag and tourism increased, opening up africa and africans some of them out loud in wolof,which they for their work, just as indigenous peoples sometimes received http://www.carlagirl.net/read/spe.html

Deborah Willis and Carla Williams The Black Female Body in Photographs from World’s Fairs and Expositions in "Race, Photography, and American Culture," exposure , volume 33, 1/2, Daytona Beach, Florida: Society for Photographic Education I. Introduction In the nineteenth century, the body of the black female symbolized three themes—colonialism, scientific evolution, and sexuality—and her representation in art and photography followed along these prescribed lines. Almost exclusively, black women were depicted in two ways: as nudes, generally of an ethnographic nature, or (usually) clothed in the company of a nude or sexually suggestive white female. The black woman occupied, like a prop or piece of drapery, through her real status as servant/slave/colonized subject, the lowest rung in a socio-economic hierarchy, serving the ends of private pleasure or economic/imperial domination. A number of significant developments in Western culture that coincided with the invention of photography contributed to the way in which black women were regarded and visualized. The births of “popular culture” and modern visual pornography, the development of the natural sciences and the related disciplines of ethnology and anthropology, and the abolition of slavery both in the colonies and at home were all practically simultaneous, and each served to compartmentalize, objectify, and categorize any manifestations of difference from the European ideal. In addition, with new industrial-based economies in Europe and the United States and the subsequent urbanization of their populations, a middle class was born and with it the modern notion of a “popular culture” specific to its interests.

32. Investigation Results africa Ecology and Development, indigenous african Religions Yoruba, Bambara, Hausa,Amharic, wolof, Tigrinya, and issues that will face african peoples in the http://members.tripod.com/~Aquabrat/investigation.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated University Programs Antioch College: Cultural and Interdisciplinary Majors: African/African-American Studies Antioch's program focuses on the full range of experiences of people of African descent. It entails a rigorous attempt to outline the parameters of those experiences, first by investigating the foundations of African ways of knowing and the social construction of knowledge in the African context. They offer a decent selection of courses such as Introduction to Drum and Dance of West Africa and the Caribbean and African Philosophy . Most of their classes focus on African American culture. Boston College: History Department While this college supposedly has an Africa/African Diaspora field, it is virtually non-existent. It is extremely difficult to find any classes on Africa. A big disappointment. Brown University: Africana Studies Program Much of this program's course deals with African-American history as well as Caribbean History. There is still, however, much offered in African history and culture. This program focuses on theoretical, historical, and artistic exploration of the culture, philosophy, and literature of Africa and the African Diaspora, embracing North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean and their historic and present linkages to continental Africa. Brown University: Department of Anthropology This is worth checking out to see what is offered for those students interested in Africa but not necessarily majoring in African studies. The same goes for the

33. Afrocentric Debate -- Black Athena, Africentric, Black Egypt, Cheikh Anta Diop shown genetically and otherwise to be indigenous african variants languages of SudanWest africa wolof and Yoruba how quickly the migrating peoples of africa http://members.tripod.com/kekaitiare/afri.htm

The African Link Four Ladies, from Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (http://www.tulane.edu/lester/images/Ancient.World/Egypt/A64.gif) Contributions by: Gloria Emeagwali Ayele Bekerie Different ethnic types in Egypt from Joseph Lichtenstern's Homepage at the University of Bordeaux, France. "Nubian Woman" "Type Barberin" (Berber Type) "Type Noir" (Extreme Africoid Type) To: athena-discuss@info.harpercollins.com From: GLORIA EMEAGWALI Return to main page Report any problems to Paul Kekai Manansala at kekai@jps.net Sponsored by AsiaPacificUniverse.com

34. History Course Brochure as the encounter between Europeans and indigenous peoples, institutional structures andpolitical systems of West africa—the Serer and wolof of Senegal http://www.sla.purdue.edu/academic/history/Courses/fallCrs.htm

Department of History Course Brochure Semester I - 2003/2004 This brochure contains expanded course descriptions prepared by the professors of the Department of History for use of academic advisers and their students. If you have any questions about our course offerings, please contact Schedule Deputy - Delayne Graham (49-44126) or Academic Advisor - Nina Haberer History 102 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANCIENT WORLD Sem. l Cr. 3 Professor Young This course begins a three semester survey of western civilization, and treats the period from the birth of civilization in the ancient Near East to the demise of ancient civilization in the West. Figuring prominently in the discussions and readings are those events and institutions which have shaped the evolution of ancient civilization, and have had an enduring influence on the historical experience of western man to the present. The role of environment, urbanization, spiritual life, and the creative processes of the various contributing cultures are analyzed in detail. History 103 INTRODUCTION TO THE MEDIEVAL WORLD Sem. 1

35. National Summit On Africa - Partner Programs upon africa's rich cultures and indigenous knowledge systems african peoples aredivided among 54 countries consisting lingua franca, such as wolof in Senegal http://www.africasummit.org/resources/themes/education/education.htm

Education and Culture Table of Contents Abstract Executive Summary I. Introduction II. Brief History ... X. National Summit on Africa Expert Group Members Abstract 1. The African presence has consistently influenced ideologies and philosophical thought throughout world history. Africa possesses a rich, diverse cultural heritage, and its people have contributed much to world civilizations from the very origin of humankind. Centuries before the rise of Western Europe, Africans participated in the growth and development of knowledge, the arts, and spirituality, prompting the early Greeks and Romans to seek contact with Africa and build classical civilizations on African foundations. Africa's natural vegetation, mineral, and human resources helped the emergence of European nations and the United States as world powers. 4. Although some aid flows to the continent, the amount is hardly proportionate to other areas of the world in which U.S. investments are made, and where such investments are less historically justified. African relations with the U.S. are a natural outgrowth of centuries of contact with the Africans' enslavement in the New World. A negative image of Africans helped to defend the slave trade and today still may keep U.S. citizens ignorant about their own history and Africa's role in it. Realistic images of the African continent, its peoples, and its cultures must be created. 5. All Americans have much to gain from beneficial policies toward Africa. Solid private and public sector initiatives in African education would strengthen Africa's role in the world. Partnerships involving Americans and Africans at all levelsinstitutions and associations, and public and privatewill open opportunities for economic growth, intellectual enrichment, cultural exchanges, human rights protection, greater national security, and sustainable developments in human capacity for everyone.

36. Indigenous And Minority Peoples' Views Of Language (Terralingua) From a wolof Senegal poem by Useyno Gey Cosaan (in Fishman 1997 292). Indigenousand Minority peoples' Views About Language Contact us. http://cougar.ucdavis.edu/nas/terralin/ip&lgs.html

The importance of language in human life and in determining the place of humans in the world is stressed in most past and present cultures on earth. In many religious traditions the spoken word is creative power. Ritual, as performed through language, is seen as a way of doing (and making) things right. For the Ancient Greeks, the logos was word, speech, discourse, and the principle that governs the order, and the orderly development, of the universe. Among peoples as different as the Dogon of Nigeria and the Navajo of the southern United States, elaborate theories of language exist that see language as the means through which the world is created, organized, classified, and beautified. Many religious traditions suggest that a diversity of languages (and cultures) is a good thing. In the Qur'an, the variety of linguistic expression among groups and individuals is seen as one sign of Allah's creative omnipotence, along with the creation of heaven and earth. As another example, according to the Acoma Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, the mother goddess Iatiku causes people to speak different languages so that it will not be as easy for them to quarrel. And it is even possible to suggest a different perspective on a widespread interpretation of the idea of Babel as a "curse". It is perhaps more accurate to see the divine intervention that brings about a multiplicity of languages as a way of curbing the arrogance and single-mindedness of monolingual empire buildersan arrogance that seems to be again on the rise.

37. Africa Northern peoples. and invites other Presbyterian churches interested in the Wolofto join Information info@pff.net For Every People An indigenous Church For http://www.pff.net/Projects/projafr.htm

Frontier Peoples in Africa (GIVING STATUS E = expandable C = capped) Project Descriptions #E-040060 Afar, Ethiopia, CG #E-040060 Afar Country Ethiopia CG EECMY None Islam pffnet-afar @yahoogroups.com Afar is a state in northeast Ethiopia with a population of 1.1 million, almost all of whom are members of the Afar tribe. They are 99.2% Muslim. In 1994 only 2.7% of the people attended school. Even today many are nomadic animal herders. Our PCUSA partner church in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY), has had contacts with these people since 1990, including bringing education to some of them. Some of the region's government officials received their own education through the EECMY, and are now asking the EECMY to help their people with services such as veterinary, literacy, water, grinding mills, tree nursery and hostel works. The PCUSA has partnered with the EECMY to undertake these opportunities in a careful and sensitive way as part of a holistic ministry. Already some Afar people have responded to the Gospel. Our funding helps train literacy workers who witness to Christ through word and deeds. We also provide materials to help with their work. (KV) #E-040019 Dawro, Ethiopia

38. Terralingua -- Indigenous/Minority Views Of Language From a wolof Senegal poem Ben Fredlund, a second-language Zulu speaker from SouthAfrica. Journal on Human Rights 1, 53-57 (Do indigenous peoples have the http://www.terralingua.org/IndigViews.html

an homage to the life of languages in the words of the people who speak them. The importance of language in human life and in determining the place of humans in the world is stressed in most past and present cultures on earth. In many religious traditions the spoken word is creative power. Ritual, as performed through language, is seen as a way of doing (and making) things right. For the Ancient Greeks, the logos Help us celebrate the diversity of languages; use this form to submit a story, poem, proverb or other contribution. Story of Elsie Allen (1899-1990) , Pomo (Native Californian) Basketweaver. Story of Frances Jack (1912-1993) , Pomo (Native Californian) Community Activist. Story of Johannes Marainen Story of Johan Mathis Mikkelsen Gavppi "Our languages are the cornerstone of who we are as a people". Mary Richards and Ida Bear, Winnipeg [Canada]. (In Richardson 1993: 240). "Languages are a part of the Sovereignty Bundle and must be protected and cared for as tribes care for our rivers, land, sacred places, and our inalienable rights to govern ourselves". Gloria Emerson, Navajo [U.S.A.]. (From the Web site of the Institute for the Preservation of the Original Languages of the Americas).

39. African History: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. In most cases the indigenous peoples had proved unreliable the slave ports, the peopleswho were for example, Senegambia includes the wolof, Mandinka, Sereer http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm

zfp=-1 About History African History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with African History with Alistair Boddy-Evans Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Prehistory Ancient Kingdoms Colonialism ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade A brief review of the triangular trade with particular reference to recent statistics. Related Resources Slavery and the Slave Trade Slavery Images The Role of Islam in African Slavery Reparations for Slavery? Book Reviews Transformations in Slavery For two hundred years, 1440-1640, Portugal had a monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa. It is notable that they were also the last European country to abolish the institution - although, like France, it still continued to work former slaves as contract labourers, which they called libertos or engagés à temps . It is estimated that during the 4 1/2 centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting over 4.5 million Africans (roughly 40% of the total). During the eighteenth century however, when the slave trade accounted for the transport of a staggering 6 million Africans, Britain was the worst transgressor - responsible for almost 2.5 million. (A fact often forgotten by those who regularly cite Britain's prime role in the abolition of the slave trade.)

40. Directory :: Look.com Ifugao Ethnographic summary of a group of indigenous mountain peoples Biffeche Fula(Peulh), Sereer (Ndut), wolof, Moor, and European peoples and cultural http://www.look.com/searchroute/directorysearch.asp?p=282106

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