1. MYTHING LINKS / Indigenous Peoples' Opening Page of Rain; Yemaya, West african yoruba Mother of Goddesses of indigenous peoples Mawu,the wise Creator/Moon the Dahomey region in West africa Sandra Stanton http://www.mythinglinks.org/indigenous.html

MYTHING LINKS Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Goddesses of Indigenous Peoples: Ptesan-Wi, White Buffalo Woman, Goddess of the Lakota Sandra Stanton (used with permission) Author's Note: 26 October 1998 Once I start more sections, I'll begin splitting this opening page into additional separate files (see below for the "Table of Contents") http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/arts_humanities/ Goddesses of Indigenous Peoples: Oshun, West African Yoruba Goddess of rivers, love, dance Sandra Stanton (used with permission) "Indigenous Peoples" has been the most difficult category to organize. Originally, I tried to keep everything based on geography. Thus, for example, the Maori were a subset under New Zealand. But they were the only subset (the mythology and sacred traditions of white New Zealanders are derived from Europe and I had no reason to give them their own section side by side with the Maori). As such examples grew, I realized that geographical categories were too awkward. So I decided to have a section called "Indigenous Peoples." I am aware that definitions of "indigenous" can be problematic and subject to hostile multi-cultural scrutiny. For the sake of simplicity, by "indigenous," I mean a still-surving people who were the original (or at least among the most ancient) inhabitants of a land before those lands were turned into colonies by peoples of another culture who invariably considered themselves "superior" to the "natives." By "indigenous," I also mean a people who still maintain some contact with their ancient ways, ceremonies, beliefs, arts, ways of healing, birthing, dying. Finally, by "indigenous," I mean a people who have generally been marginalized and oppressed by the newcomers, but who, despite this, sustain a larger visionary sense of their own worth in the web of life.

2. WorldViews: The Peoples Of Africa africa africa World Press Guide A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies There are strengths and weaknesses attached to the study of africa through a focus on the continent's diverse and numerous peoples. focused concern on the state of the world's indigenous peoples, with the peoples of africa included among them. The Royal Eagle of the yoruba (Olorunnisola and Akinbami 1992); and http://worldviews.igc.org/awpguide/peoples.html

AFRICA: Africa World Press Guide compiled and edited by WorldViews AFRICA'S PEOPLES A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies T here are strengths and weaknesses attached to the study of Africa through a focus on the continent's diverse and numerous peoples. The strengths are that the continent is reduced to a more manageable size, the diversity and the rich traditions of Africa's peoples are accentuated, and the similiarities and differences among peoples everywhere in the world can be identified and analyzed. Finally, a study of the particularities of discrete societies throughout the African continent cha llenges the misperception of Africa as an undifferentiated mass of peoples. The attendant weaknesses in this approach are that Africa's population of 735 million may be reduced to exotic images and stereotypes of one or another African society or they may remain frozen in the context of the particular historical period or geog raphic locale being studied. In the introdution to his book, The Shona and their Neighbours (Beach 1994), historian David Beach (University of Zimbabwe) clearly delineates the traps that can ensnare the unwary in a study of the peoples of Africa. H e takes, as just one example, the rock paintings and stone buildings for which inhabitants of the Zimbabwean plateau are reknowned. "From the standpoint of Shona studies," Beach points out, "[the paintings and buildings] have been both a blessing and a cu rse. On the one hand, the sheer beauty of the former attracted many of the minority of educated whites into the discipline of archaeology, but it also ensured that they devoted their attention to a period and people fairly remote from the [modern-day] Sho na and their recent neighbours." Clearly, as Beach suggests, the particularlities and generalities must be kept in proper balance at all times.

3. Dev-Shop Online: Indigenous_Peoples Decolonizing Methodologies Research and indigenous peoples. Author Linda Tuhiwai Smith yoruba Gurus indigenous Production of Knowledge in africa. Author Toyin Falola http://www.dev-zone.org/bookshop/Indigenous_Peoples

SHOP HOME POPULAR More search options Dev-Zone in association with Amazon.com and Amazon.com.uk are now able to offer our website visitors the opportunity to purchase books, videos and CDs. While you are browsing our database you can order the item you want directly online. Each purchase you make will contribute a small amount to Dev-Zone. There is no extra charge for your purchases. Top : Indigenous Peoples Bitter Sweet: Indigenous Women in the Pacific Author: Alison Jones (ed); Tamasailau Suaalii (ed); Phyllis Herda (ed) Publisher: University of Otago Press Year Published: ISBN: More about the Book (Added: 26-Aug-2000 Hits: 83) Order this book from Amazon.com Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon Author: Patrick Tierney Publisher: Year Published: ISBN: More about the Book (Added: 1-Dec-2000 Hits: 44) Order this book from Amazon.co.uk Order this book from Amazon.com ... Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples Author: Linda Tuhiwai Smith Publisher: Zed Books Year Published: ISBN: More about the Book (Added: 23-Jul-2000 Hits: 122) Order this book from Amazon.co.uk

4. The Yoruba Are An Indigenous People Of West Africa The yoruba are an indigenous people of West africa Posted by Obalorun Ala Aganju on July 27, 2001 at 223419 Alafia Wes and list Wes, I would like to give brief answers to your questions. prehistoric West africa and the prehistoric presence of the yoruba peoples in what is now call http://home.ican.net/~vreznik/wwwboard/archive1/Yoruba%20indigenous%20people%20o

The Yoruba are an indigenous people of West Africa Posted by Obalorun Ala Aganju on July 27, 2001 at 22:34:19: Alafia Wes and list Wes, I would like to give brief answers to your questions. But, your questions touch on complicated issues, therefore I see no way to be brief and give as complete a response as I think your questions deserve. This is the information I have at this point. I of course will continue to investigate. There are always new research projects underway and new data being brought to light. I do hope what I offer as an answers to your questions will be as clear and accurate as I intend it to be. I have written essays on other aspects of Yoruba history two of which are archived on this site and the other can be found on the CLBA site. Be well all Obalorun Ala Aganju The Yoruba can lay claim to a rich and ancient culture that is not the result of a total infusion or transfusion from some foreign and more advanced people, nor is it due to the degeneration of a "great culture" into a lesser one. And, as far as I am aware, the peoples now Known as the Yoruba did over run and displace or destroy another culture. That is not to say, however, that the Yoruba have lived in a closed or controlled environment. Aspects of culture were and are shared and exchanged with the neighboring culture groups wherever there was a common border and that there were times that the Yoruba were forced to modify, adjust, and absorb the cultural influences of invaders. The process of sharing, exchanging, modifying, adjusting and absorbing various foreign influences is part and parcel of the historical development of every culture that occupies this planet.

5. The Yoruba Are An Indigenous People Of West Africa have indicates, The yoruba are an indigenous people of that Nigeria, (the historiccenter of yoruba culture), is For example, the Ewe peoples known as the Fon http://home.ican.net/~vreznik/wwwboard/archive1/Yoruba indigenous people of West

The Yoruba are an indigenous people of West Africa Posted by Obalorun Ala Aganju on July 27, 2001 at 22:34:19: Alafia Wes and list Wes, I would like to give brief answers to your questions. But, your questions touch on complicated issues, therefore I see no way to be brief and give as complete a response as I think your questions deserve. This is the information I have at this point. I of course will continue to investigate. There are always new research projects underway and new data being brought to light. I do hope what I offer as an answers to your questions will be as clear and accurate as I intend it to be. I have written essays on other aspects of Yoruba history two of which are archived on this site and the other can be found on the CLBA site. Be well all Obalorun Ala Aganju The Yoruba can lay claim to a rich and ancient culture that is not the result of a total infusion or transfusion from some foreign and more advanced people, nor is it due to the degeneration of a "great culture" into a lesser one. And, as far as I am aware, the peoples now Known as the Yoruba did over run and displace or destroy another culture. That is not to say, however, that the Yoruba have lived in a closed or controlled environment. Aspects of culture were and are shared and exchanged with the neighboring culture groups wherever there was a common border and that there were times that the Yoruba were forced to modify, adjust, and absorb the cultural influences of invaders. The process of sharing, exchanging, modifying, adjusting and absorbing various foreign influences is part and parcel of the historical development of every culture that occupies this planet.

6. RE: The Yoruba Are An Indigenous People Of West Africa RE The yoruba are an indigenous people of West were others who postulated variousmigration theories and applied them to the Various peoples now generally http://home.ican.net/~vreznik/wwwboard/archive1/Yoruba indigenous people of West

RE: The Yoruba are an indigenous people of West Africa Posted by Obalorun Ala Aganju on August 02, 2001 at 01:01:20: Alafia Oshosi1 and list; That many ancient cultures share aspects of culture, is a point I cannot and will not dispute. It does appear that at one time in human existence all peoples on the planet had spiritual lives that were very close in form and content. I can only speculate on why this is. But, I feel safe in saying that wars over religion did not occur at that time in our archaic past, because of this. To fight a man over what he believes was completely considered insane. Perhaps, those make or promote war in the name of religion should be institutionalized and heavily medicated... OOOOPPS, now I'm ranting. . . But, I do think I made my point before the rant. But, I will still offer what I think speaks to what Oshosi1 wrote about and A little more. As always, I hope I have been clear and to the point. Be well all Obalorun Ala Aganju There are also Islamic editions of this story. The following version was current in the mid 1800's. The main characters in this story are Lamurudu and Oduduwa. The first character, Lamurudu according to the "Bibeli Mimo" , a Yoruba translation of the King James version of the Bible, is Yoruba for Nimrod. The second character, Oduduwa, is a Yoruba deity who plays a major role in several creation legends. Oduduwa, will be discussed in some detail later.

7. Tribes Of The Niger is historically closely linked with the yoruba. established kingdoms by the conquestof indigenous peoples. Hausa traders are found throughout West africa. http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

8. H-Net Review: Elizabeth Akingbola NATIONAL ANTHEM. NATIONAL PLEDGE. MOTTO. peoples. POPULATION. RELIGION. CHRISTIANITY. -ISLAM Links to yoruba Culture. IFA The indigenous Faith of africa. yoruba Nigerian Galleria http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=40801012584859

9. Cosmic Cradle: Souls Waiting In The Wings For Birth indigenous peoples of africa (20). Aro Asia Bangwan Baoule Bini Dagomba Edo, EweIbo Igbo Ijaw Kalabari Ndokki Ngwa, Onitsha Samaras SemiBantu Sudanese yoruba http://www.cosmiccradle.com/cross-culturalparallels.html

Home Order Reviews Related sites ... Participate The biblical Jacob witnessed the ladder between Heaven and Earth... angels escort souls from and to Heaven via this stairway. Cross-Cultural Parallels Research on gifted persons, parents, and children from 165 cultures and religions surveys hundreds of pre-conception stories - from ancient Himalayan caves and the wild Australian outback to contemporary Americana. We discover that the pre-conception pattern transcends time, space, and culture. Reports are found throughout philosophical, anthropological, and religious literature. Key Findings and Evidence originate from: 18 Religious Traditions 25 Ancient and Modern Cultures 53 Native North American Peoples 20 African Peoples 28 Australian Aborigine Peoples 21 Additional Indigenous Peoples See chart below Cosmic Cradle's global research creates a bridge between cultures: Jewish Kabbalah - When the child's soul image descends over the couple's nuptial bed, sexual intercourse leads to conception. Australian Aborigines - Every baby must be dreamed by its father before it comes into the world.

10. Cosmic Cradle: Souls Waiting In The Wings For Birth texts, philosophical treatises, indigenous peoples, visionaries, and India, Tibet,Greece, and Native American peoples. africa A yoruba legend recounts the http://www.cosmiccradle.com/pre-birth_agreements.html

Home Order Reviews Related sites ... Participate Whispers of a soul into a mother's ear reveal more than a desire for birth. The child's name and destiny have been chosen long before conception. Pre-Birth Agreements prescribe a person's plan for his or her lifetime on Earth. Cosmic Contracts Pre-conception is a mysterious and invisible stage on the highway to birth. Just as we sense the activities taking place behind the scenes before the stage curtain goes up, preparations occur in another world before a child is conceived. Life's development thought by science to start at biological conception raises numerous questions and complex issues. Cosmic Cradle answers the following questions: What happens before our entrance into the mother's womb? What choices do we make in being conceived? Do we plan birth and choose DNA blueprint and parents? We seldom stop to ponder that we all may be actors choosing a fascinating script for the colossal stage of life. Religious texts, philosophical treatises, indigenous peoples, visionaries, and pre-conception communications teach that an orderly plan governs our birth at a set time and location to specific parents for a definite purpose. A cosmic contract charts out our course as to when we come on stage along with our script as if a magical curtain is raised.

11. MOTHERLAND NIGERIA: PEOPLES (by Boomie O.) NATIONAL ANTHEM; NATIONAL PLEDGE; MOTTO peoples; POPULATION; RELIGION the web; VirtualFestival Links to yoruba Culture; IFA The indigenous Faith of africa; yoruba http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/people.html

PEOPLES SITE AWARDS NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS SEND FREE WEBCARD IMMIGRATION ... SCAM INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO THE GEOGRAPHY LOCATION MAP RIVERS PATRIOTIC STUFF FLAG COAT OF ARMS NATIONAL ANTHEM NATIONAL PLEDGE MOTTO PEOPLES POPULATION RELIGION -CHRISTIANITY -ISLAM -TRADITIONAL -INFLUENCE ETHNIC GROUPS -YORUBA -IBO (or IGBO) -OTHERS LANGUAGES -YORUBA ALPHABET -HAUSA ALPHABET -LINKS TO OTHERS LANGUAGE RESOURCES -GENERAL RESOURCES -YORUBA RESOURCES -IBO RESOURCES -HAUSA RESOURCES -OTHERS MORE ON LANGUAGES -NUMBERS -PEOPLE -BODY PARTS -HOUSE PARTS -PLACES -OTHER WORDS ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES YORUBA NAMES -THE NAMING CEREMONY -COMMON PARTS -CIRCUMSTANTIAL NAMES IGBO NAMES HAUSA NAMES LINKS ON NAMES THE WEDDING MARRIAGE TIDBITS FAMILY TIDBITS OTHER SOURCES FOODS AND DRINKS INTRO SOME MEALS SOME DRINKS RECIPES RECIPES LINKS BUYING (ingredients and food) DINING (restaurants) HEALTHCARE TRADITIONAL HEALTH CURRENT HEALTH POLICY INFO FOR TRAVELERS OTHER LINKS HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS EDUCATION SCHOOL LANGUAGES SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL LEVELS SCHOOL ATTIRE SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL LINKS HOLIDAYS FESTIVALS ATTIRE TRANSPORTATION AIR LAND WATER SPORTS SPORTS PLAYED SPORTS HISTORY RECORDS SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS SITES ON SPORTS THE ARTS ART LITERATURE MEDIA -RADIO -TELEVISION -INTERNET JUJU MUSIC FUJI MUSIC AFRO-BEAT MUSIC OTHER MUSIC TYPES OTHER SITES WITH SAMPLES

12. UCV2205: Africa: Communities, Cultures And Civilizations A Case Study of the Impact of Development on indigenous peoples. Asia and AfricaLegacies and Opportunities in Development. The World of the yoruba Taxi Driver http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/civilizational/ucv2205/

USP Home Civilizational Studies Modules Offered About Us ... Course Syllabus and Readings UCV2205: Africa: Communities, Cultures and Civilizations Course Overview Instructor: Dr Stephanie Rupp Email: usprsk@nus.edu.sg Course Description and Objectives This course offers and introduction to African geography, culture, and politics, presenting diverse perspectives on the historical happenings and contemporary developments of the continent. Although inevitably a single course merely scratches the surface of the wealth of African knowledge and experiences to be explored, this course is designed to introduce students to some major themes in African studies, providing a foundation from which students may strive to study Africa in greater depth. An important component of this course is woven into lectures, readings, and discussions throughout the semester: examining the articulations and comparisons between Africa and Asia, particularly Southeast Asia. We will learn about Asian populations in Africa, specifically looking at Malay, Indian, and Chinese communities in South Africa. We will also examine parallels and divergences between Africa and Southeast Asia as newly independent nations moved towards self-determination and independence, and as they continue to grapple with processes of modernity today. The course is organized into five topics, each to be covered over two to three weeks. The first and last weeks of the semester address images and representations of Africa, serving as conceptual bookends to learning and discussions about Africa. While each topic on its own could easily comprise a semester's readings and discussions on its own, it is my hope that by addressing these primary topics in an intellectual collage, students will come to understand Africa and its linkages with other parts of the world from varied and insightful perspectives.

13. Hispanic Latino Leadership Institute Latin American continent originated from (1) indigenous people, (2 africa was composedof many peoples with different eg Benin, Oyo, Ghana, yoruba (Niger), Mali http://p2001.health.org/Cti07/suppfsm4.htm

Back to Table of Contents Cont'd. Module IV: Facilitator Supplements Informational Sheet: African Culture Introduction: The three major cultural influences of the Latin American continent originated from: (1) Indigenous people, (2) people from Africa, and (3) people from Spain and the Mediterranean. This informational sheet describes cultural characteristics of African peoples-particularly from the East Coast and Central Africa-in 1492. Research has demonstrated that Africa was the birthplace of humankind. In 1492, Africa was composed of many peoples with different histories and a different cultural development that was mainly the result of their varied origins and environments. The great civilizations of Africa developed primarily along the coastal areas, and in certain areas of Central Africa where the land was fertile. By 1492, great empires had developed e.g. Benin, Oyo, Ghana, Yoruba (Niger), Mali, and others. Each of these empires had its own characteristics: some were famous for their use of bronze and iron, some for their political organization, some for their trade routes, some for the building of great cities (such as Timbuktu), and some for their policies in regard to law and order. The story of spirits and santería begins in Africa, among a nation of people called Yoruba. The Yoruba were and are a great urban people who, by 1492, had lived in cities for at least 1,000 years. They had been master brass and iron smiths, weavers and dyers, and carvers of some of the finest sculpture in the world. They achieved political importance in the 16th and 17th centuries as Yoruba trade routes spread over the whole of West Africa. The greatest of Yoruba achievements was the development of a subtle and complex religious way of life. This religion was carried by slaves to the New World, and preserved through 200 years of hardship.

14. Term Papers Term Papers - Help With Africa - 007-011 biographies of the saints in the yoruba Pantheon. strong European influence in SouthAfrica; and continuing strife between indigenous peoples in the http://www.paperstore.net/categories/007-011.html

P A P E R T O P I C S The following papers are all available for SAME DAY DELIVERY! Reports are only $ /page + FREE bibliography!!! Make your selection below: Papers On Africa Page 12 of 27 BACK NEXT COMING HOME TO AFRICA send me this paper This 6 page paper discusses the reintegratin problems in Africa, gives possible solutions, and makes predictions about the future of African politics. This paper examines the migratin patterns of various peoples as well as examples two sub-saharan countries and their problems. Bibliography lists 10 sources. Filename: MBafrica.rtf Conflict in Zimbabwe send me this paper This 5 page paper looks at the situation in Zimbabwe. The history of the country is briefly considered and the role that Mugabe has played in encouraging violence against white framers in his efforts to maintain political power through the use of racism as a diversion to the economic problems in the country due to his economic policies. The bibliography cites 7 sources. Filename: TEzimbar.wps

15. The Story Of Africa| BBC World Service Compiled by Romanian historian Mircea Eliade. Buganda's indigenous Religion. peoplesof africa Resources. yoruba peoples of Southwestern Nigeria. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/6generic5.shtml

Contact Us Help Text Only HOME ... INDEX USEFUL LINKS The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites African Traditional Religions. Website produced by Chidi Denis Isizoh, Africaworld.net. Gods,Goddesses and Supernatural Beings. Compiled by Romanian historian Mircea Eliade. Buganda's Indigenous Religion. Produced by Mukasa E. Ssemakula, Buganda.com African Religions in the American Reading List. Website by Mary Ann ClarK, Rice University. Ifa link, African Religions. Cultural Expressions. Peoples of Africa Resources. Art and Life in Africa, The University of Iowa. Yoruba peoples of Southwestern Nigeria. Website by Indiana University. On the Baganda peoples of Uganda. By Anne Pitsch, University of Maryland. On the Dinka of Sudan. Resource site provided by the Society and Culture Association, New South Wales. On the Shona peoples of Zimbabwe. By Solomon Murungu. The Gikuyu. Website on Kenya's Ethnic Groups, University of Pennsylvania. The Lugbara. Website on Uganda's Ethnic Groups, University of Pennsylvania. Krio peoples in Sierra Leone.

16. Kansatiede. Antropologia peoples and Cultures of africa Mande, yoruba. indigenous peoples' Literature - Alkuperäiskansojenhistorian, kirjallisuuden, musiikin, taiteen ja muun http://www.makupalat.fi/kansatie.htm

KANSATIEDE Linkkihakemistoja Kulttuurien tutkimuksen virtuaalikirjasto - folkloristiikka, kansatiede, kulttuuri- ja sosiaaliantropologia, uskontotiede, etnomusikologia Kulttuurien museo : linkit - Järjestöjä ja organisaatioita, Tutkimus ja opetus, Museoita, Julkaisuja, Virtuaalikirjastoja, Muita linkkejä J@rgon - kulttuurintutkimuksen portaali - J@rgon on Jyväskylän yliopiston historian ja etnologian laitoksen etnologian osaston opiskelijoiden ja tutkijoiden yhteistyöprojekti. Portaaliin kootaan etnologian, antropologian ja folkloristiikan verkkoresursseja. Indigenous Studies WWW Virtual Library - maantieteellisesti järjestetty linkkihakemisto WWW Virtual Library: Anthropology Anthropology resources on the internet Aboriginal Studies - WWW Virtual Library, aihehakemisto: alkuperäiskansat ja Australian aboriginaalit NativeWeb Home Page - linkkitietoa maailman alkuperäiskansoista kansoista maittain, hyvät linkit, sivuilla myös uutisia FolkArt and Craft Exchange Other Related Web Sites - World Class Art made by indigenous and creative people : hieno linkkihakemisto maittain Ethnology, Ethnography and Anthropology

17. KAM Yoruba Spirituality And Philosophy but also the descendants of indigenous peoples (misnomered Indians holds a sacredplace in yoruba spirituality In all of africa, masks play an important role in http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Classroom/9912/yorubaspirit.html

Yourba Spiritual System and Philosophy There are various religious systems in Africa that share many commonalties. To discuss them all in their intricacies would take volumes. This page will attempt to focus on the Yoruba spiritual philosophy of West Africa. It stresses an extremely ancient rooted African tradition of working with natural forces and the ancestral realm to better one's life. Its system of divination in fact has led some scholars to remark on its similarity to Eastern philosophical beliefs such as those found among the Chinese in the I Ching. And while it may not be as ancient as Nilotic beliefs, it is the African spiritual system that can be best called a world religion. Map showing strong centers of Yoruba belief The Yoruba believe in the existence of spiritual beings or divinities. Called Orishas, they are seen as emissaries of Oldumare from whom they emanated. These Orisha are ancestors whose great deeds earned them divinity. The Orisha are said to recognize themselves and are recognized through a host of different numbers and colors. These polarities which each Orisha exhibits are expressed as personalities called Roads or Paths of the Orisha. This is done through offerings to Orisha of their particular favorite foods and other gifts. One can learn much about these different Orishas by watching the forces of nature at work about you. These Orishas can be contacted during a "bembe" where one or more of their priests will be mounted in a form of highly spiritualized trance possession. This possession by an Orisha is an integral part of Yoruba religious ritual as it serves as a means of communicating with the forces of Oldumare (God).

18. General Essay On The Religions Of Sub-Saharan Africa its presence felt among the indigenous peoples who inhabited The choice of indigenoustraditions has been yoruba Beliefs and Sacrificial Rites London Longman http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html

General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa has changed and evolved over the last two to three thousand years in many different ways. While the traditions depicted in this chart provide examples of those that exist today, and that were affected by the expansion of European colonialism in the 19th century, peoples living in the vast area south of the Sahara desert had already sustained rich systems of belief and practice long before the arrival of Christianity and colonialism, and certainly in some cases befroe the Muslim expansion from the Arabian peninsula. Islam entered Sub-Saharan Africa in the eighth century, and within six hundred years of the prophet's death had penetrated from the Sahara to the Sudanic belt, and from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, making its presence felt among the indigenous peoples who inhabited this expanse. Other transplanted religions have had virtually no impact upon Sub-Saharan traditions. With the exception of Judaism, these did not make any permanent incursion into the region until the 19th or 20th centuries. The chart suggests three wide areas of religious beliefs and practices: (I) Indigenous African religions; (II) World Religions (Baha'i, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and Zorastrianism); (III) New Religious Traditions (African Independent Churches).

19. African Studies Center, Tuesday Bulletin - March 28, 2000 Spring # 11 (MSU)- Many of the photographs focus on the yoruba region of western Nigeria and supportthe study of the art history of the indigenous peoples of africa and North http://www.isp.msu.edu/AfricanStudies/TUESDAY/TBS11-00.htm

March 28, 2000 Spring # 11 URL: http://isp.msu.edu/AfricanStudies E-mail: africa@msu.edu Please submit information on Africa-related events or news seven to 10 days in advance of the day it should appear in the Tuesday Bulletin. Submissions may be brought, faxed, or e-mailed to the African Studies Center, Room 100, Center for International Programs, Michigan State University. Telephone: (517) 353-1700, Fax: (517) 432-1209. EVENTS March 30, Thursday "Autobiographical Reflections on African Oral Literature," African Studies Center Brown Bag with Kwadwo Opoku-Agyemang, Fulbright Scholar, Grand Valley State University (U of Cape Coast, Ghana), 12 noon, Room 201, International Center. April 6, Thursday "Progress and Challenges of Democratization and Economic Liberalization," African Studies Center Brown Bag with Professor Okwudiba Nnoli, Director of a think-tank in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria (former Dean of Social Sciences, U of Nigeria, Nsukka), 12 noon, Room 201, International Center. MSU ANNOUNCEMENTS Arabic Culture in America MSU will offer a new summer course in Dearborn from May 16 - June 29 that focuses on the culture, religion and socioeconomic diversity of Arab Americans, the third largest ethnic population in Michigan. The course will discuss the stereotypes and challenges facing Arab Americans, who number approximately 3 million people in the U.S. The class, IAH 211C (4 credits) Area Studies and Multicultural Civilizations: The Americas with a focus on Arab Americans, will be taught by Dr. Rossina Hassoun, an expert on the Arab American population in the Metropolitan Detroit area. Guest lecturers and community leaders will also make contributions. For more information, call Amy at (888) 678-4748. To apply and enroll on the web, visit:

20. Wadsworth Religion Course Guide Religion Maps of Zulu Habitation (43K) The Place of yoruba Habitation (41K Sites (72K) Major AncientUrban Civilizations (80K) indigenous Tribal peoples of africa (52K http://www.wadsworth.com/religion_d/special_features/popups/maps/

@import url(/stylesheets/bonus.css); Maps from Warren Matthews' World Religions, 3e Maps from Schmidt/Sager/Carney/ Jackson, Jr./Muller/Zanca's Patterns of Religion Modern Distribution of World Religions (170K) Religions of Ancient City-States (127K) Selected Native Peoples of the Americas (50K) Areas of Naskapi Inhabitation (43K) ... Dispersion of Islam through 1800 C.E. (112K)

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