21. The Casimir Effect In Relativity An explanation of the Casimir effect using general relativity. http://theory.ph.man.ac.uk/~jones/webtext/node3.html

22. Special Relativity Special relativity. .. as demanded by the relativity principle the observercannot know whether he is at rest or in absolute motion. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html

Special relativity Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index The classical laws of physics were formulated by Newton in the Principia in 1687. According to this theory the motion of a particle has to be described relative to an inertial frame in which the particle, not subjected to external forces, will move at a constant velocity in a straight line. Two inertial frames are related in that they move in a fixed direction at a constant speed with respect to each other. Time in the frames differs by a constant and all times can be described relative to an absolute time. This 17th Century theory was not challenged until the 19th Century when electric and magnetic phenomena were studied theoretically. It had long been known that sound required a medium to travel through and it was quite natural to postulate a medium for the transmission of light. Such a medium was called the ether and many 19th Century scientists postulated an ether with various properties. Cauchy Stokes Thomson and Planck all postulated ethers with differing properties and by the end of the 19th Century light, heat, electricity and magnetism all had their respective ethers. A knowledge that the electromagnetic field was spread with a velocity essentially the same as the speed of light caused Maxwell to postulate that light itself was an electromagnetic phenomenon.

23. Relativity On The World Wide Web The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation, understanding, and applicationsof special and general relativity. relativity on the World Wide Web. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/relativity.html

Relativity on the World Wide Web Original by Chris Hillman; maintained by John Baez The evolving event horizon during the axisymmetric merger of two equal mass black holes (simulation by the Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance) Welcome! The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation and understanding of the special and general theories of relativity by providing links to on-line scientifically accurate educational resources aimed at a variety of audiences, including popular science sites (places to go if you don't want to see any scary math), visualization sites , (places to go if you just want to see some truly fabulous pictures with some genuine scientific content), web tutorials on relativity theory (just the thing if you're not yet sure you want to really buckle down and study this stuff), observational and experimental evidence bearing on relativity theory, including fantastically beautiful astronomical images, a discussion of some specific scientifically inaccurate claims about cosmology and general relativity, formal coursework, including full length lecture notes (

24. Welcome To OYYZZ1.com The search for meaning and truth through philosophy, religion, science, and metaphysics. The reader is warned that it may be a tedious process to learn to understand the author. http://www.oyyzz1.com/

WELCOME TO OYYZZ1.com Reflections on the Meaning of Life Recent Additions Search for: ©2003 Thomas Theodore Welborn

25. GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture Alessandro Volta , Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. http://www.sissa.it/~bruzzo/sagp2001/sagp2001.html

4th SIGRAV GRADUATE SCHOOL ON CONTEMPORARY RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS and 2001 SCHOOL ON ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS (SAGP2001) VILLA OLMO (COMO), 7-11 MAY 2001 GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES Supported by: SIGRAV (Italian Society for Gravitational Physics), National Research Project "Singularities, Integrability, Symmetries", SISSA (Trieste), University of Insubria (Como-Varese), Departmente of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics of the University of Insubria at Como, Physics Department of the University of Milan, Physics Department of the University of Turin, Physics Department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza", Physics Department of the University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Physics Department of the University of Pavia. Download the first circular (Latex file) See the programme (PDF) The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary Relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture "Alessandro Volta", Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. In 2001 the School will be a joint venture with the School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics organized by the Mathematical Physics Group of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste. The School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics is part of a series of events that SISSA is organizing since 1996 aiming at fostering the interaction between mathematicians working in pure algebraic geometry and researchers who are interested in applications of algebraic geometry to physics, especially string theory and integrable systems. Information on the "Algebraic Geometry and Physics'' series is available from the web page

26. Avshalom Elitzur's Home Page Senior Lecturer, BarIlan University. Includes an autobiography, a curriculum vitae, and a list of publications in quantum mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, evolutionary theory, philosophy of mind and psychoanalysis. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/chemphys/elitzur/

Physicist and philosopher Avshalom.Elitzur@weizmann.ac.il My unusual CV might justify adding a brief explanation. More Comments and suggestions to: Avshalom Elitzur Desinged by Anna Pomyalov Last modified: Sun Oct 8 14:31:49 IST 2000

27. The Light Cone - An Illuminating Introduction To Relativity (by Rob Salgado) a multimedia introduction to the theory of relativityCategory Science Physics relativity Courses and Tutorials...... click to see this Light Cone rendered in VRML The Light Cone an illuminating introductionto relativity. Rob Salgado (salgado@physics.syr.edu) What's New. http://physics.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/

Module Content Updated: 4 Dec 2001 Module Content Updated: 2 Jun 1997 Homepage Last modified: Tue Dec 4 22:47:11 2001 click to see this Light Cone rendered in VRML The Light Cone an illuminating introduction to relativity Rob Salgado (salgado@physics.syr.edu) What's New a new tutorial about Visualizing Proper Time in Special Relativity including a new visualization of the Clock Effect/Twin Paradox a JAVA applet for the Twin Paradox Applet animations available as Animated-GIFs visualization of a light cone in VRML Animations are available in MPEG and animated-GIF formats. Since March 13, 1996, you are visitor number PREFACE Introduction Unfamiliar Quotations English-Spacetime-Geometry Dictionary PRIMEVAL RELATIVITY EVENTS and SPACETIME Aristotle's Spacetime Introducing the PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY: Galileo's Spacetime ... Newton and His Mechanical Laws of Motion SPECIAL RELATIVITY Maxwell and The Electrodynamic Theory of Light Introducing the LIGHT CONE: The Einstein-Minkowski Spacetime Soap Box Seminar Series: The Twin Non-Paradox ... A more illuminating look at the LIGHT CONE GENERAL RELATIVITY Newton, Galileo, and The Laws of Gravitation

28. Usenet Articles By Mukesh Prasad (aka Bhanwara@my-deja.com) Alternate viewpoint on the Double Slit Experiment which is the experiment that started the moderen QM thought. http://www.mukesh.ws/

List of selected Usenet Articles by bhanwara Here is a list of some usenet articles on Physics (specifically QM SR GR and light ) by Mukesh Prasad (aka bhanwara@my-deja.com , and ) collected here so these discussions are not lost as they roll off the news-server archives. All articles here require open-minded, non-authoritarian thinking. Summary A mechanism is clarified whereby light can propagate in vacuum without requiring mystical properties. Quantum Mechanics interpretations are shown to be incorrect. The actual interpretation involves the fields generated by the electron sources. QM is still a valid line of research, but it is a lot less mystical and therefore potentially more useful than previously assumed. Special Relativity and constancy of light are demonstrated to be incorrect. Despite its mathematical complexity, General Relativity is shown to be trivial and useless in terms of its actual meaning, and slightly incorrect. Some of its incorrectness arises from the fact that it incorporates constancy and Special Relativity. It is also incorrect because of its attempt to use a symmetrical albeit elegant model for an underlying asymmetrical reality (which fact makes the elegance of the model or lack thereof, totally irrelevant. Appropriateness of the model is more important in mathematical models of physical reality, than elegance.) Light On the propagation of light in empty space A theoretical framework for wave-particle duality Explanation of the photo-electric effect Quantum Physics

29. Modern Relativity Modernrelativity Special General Black Hole Mass Energy Einste Over 50 sections explaining derivations in general relativity. Has a special relativity subsection, Category Science Physics relativity Courses and Tutorials......modernrelativity special general relativity black hole mass energy Einstein wormholetime travel Schwarzschild modern light Aclubierre warp. Modern relativity. http://www.modernrelativity.com/

By David Waite voluntary contributions Modern Relativity These units explain general relativity only. We assume that the reader already has a full understanding of special relativity . For info on special relativity try our special relativity unit - Unit I - Special Relativity General Relativity Preface Unit II Foundations For General Relativity Chapter 4 Starting GR 4.1 - The Conceptual Premises For GR 4.2 - Tensors in GR 4.3 - The Metric and Invariants of GR ... 6.3 - Stress Energy of Matter and Einstein's Field Equations Unit III Using General Relativity Chapter 7 Electromagnetism in GR 7.1 - Maxwell's Equations 7.2 - Larmor Radiation and the Abraham-Lorentz Formulae Chapter 8 Robertson-Walker and the Big Bang ... 9.2 - Newtonian Limit Vs Gravitomagnetism Unit IV Black Holes Chapter 10 The Schwarzschild Black Hole 10.1 - The Schwarzschild Solution 10.2 - Hovering over a Schwarzschild Black Hole 10.3 - "Apparently" Lighter With Speed ... 11.2 - Hawking Radiation Unit V Fringe Physics in General Relativity Chapter 12 The New Frontiers 12.1 - Metric Engineering 12.2 - Wormholes 12.3 - Time Travel ... Appendix A : Newtonian-Relativistic Comparisons Appendix B : Planck - SI Unit Conversion Index Misc Good Web Pages Email the author: staff@modernrelativity.com

30. Linguistic Relativity Resource Center Collected quotes from critics of the SapirWhorf hypothesis. Includes an outline of the argument for students and offers full citations. http://www.baylor.edu/~Erin_Greenawalt/relativity.html

31. Accueil The principle of the relativity of energy applied to unit systems, to electrostatics and magnetism, will give us a unified vision of the electromagnetic fields. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/j.p.serodino/Anglais/welcome.htm

Cette présentation comporte : An english version. Un résumé donnant un bref aperçu de la totalité des chapitres de notre travail. Un résumé de chacun des chapitres permettant d'obtenir une idée plus précise de notre théorie. Une étude détaillée des principaux points développés dans notre théorie. Cette page utilise des cadres, mais votre navigateur ne les prend pas en charge.

32. Lanczos Collection Site announces the availability of the Cornelius Lanczos Collected Published Papers with commentaries. Lanczos (18931974) was one of the twentieth century's most versatile and innovative physicists and mathematicians. His papers cover an array of disciplines including general relativity, quantum mechanics, scientific computation, applied mathematics and numerical analysis. http://www.physics.ncsu.edu/lanczos

Announcing the CORNELIUS LANCZOS COLLECTED PUBLISHED PAPERS WITH COMMENTARIES Published by North Carolina State University College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Department of Physics Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 USA [1998] Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-67928 ISBN (for the Collection of Volumes I-VI): 0-929493-01-X [See Web: www.physics.ncsu.edu/lanczos (View the Order Form Ordering Instructions Collection 24 September 2002) (All orders are now being shipped from Raleigh, North Carolina) Cornelius Lanczos (1893-1974) was a physicist and mathematician who had a profound impact on the foundations of twentieth century science. His papers cover a vast array of disciplines, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, scientific computation, applied mathematics and numerical analysis. This Collection provides documentation (a) that Lanczos was indeed one of the twentieth century's most versatile and innovative scientific minds, and (b) that many of Lanczos's ideas are still of interest to present-day research in physics and applied mathematics. This Collection will be of special interest to theoretical physicists, numerical analysts and science historians. The Cornelius Lanczos Collected Published Papers with Commentaries (Lanczos Collection or CLCPPC herein-after referred to as the Collection) represents the second phase of a two-part celebration of the life and work of Cornelius Lanczos. The first phase of this celebration occurred in December 1993 when North Carolina State University's College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences hosted the Cornelius Lanczos International Centenary Conference. [See the

33. Special Relativity This site offers a very detailed explanation of special relativity, with emphasis on paradoxes and Category Science Physics relativity Special relativity......Special relativity. The enlarged images have the same resolution as the normalimages. Special relativity Index. The Postulates of Special relativity. http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/sr/sr.shtml

Special Relativity These pages are ok as far as they go, but they are missing the planned highlight, to show you what things actually look like when you travel at near the speed of light. I hope to have the opportunity to develop these pages further as time permits. Here is my opinionated Guide to Special Relativistic Flight Simulator Sites Meanwhile, these pages comprise an animated introduction to the elements of Special Relativity. Some of the fun stuff: Rotating 4D hypercube (46K GIF movie) Rotating spacetime wheel Here's the Lorentz-contracted cartwheel And don't miss Prasenjit Saha's Interactive Lorentz Transformations . These pages last modified 6 Feb 1999. Here's a site history Forward to The Postulates of Special Relativity Hey, get me back to Falling into a Black Hole Unless otherwise stated, clicking on images gives you enlarged versions thereof, which may be easier to view in a classroom environment. The enlarged images have the same resolution as the normal images. Special Relativity: Index The Postulates of Special Relativity The postulates of special relativity 1. The Geometry of Spacetime

34. Jean-Luc Movies: Virtual reality and informational movies on black holes. This site is associated with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications(NCSA), and is for students in middle school and above. http://jean-luc.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Movies/

Jean-Luc Movie: Access from Germany Others Gravitationswellen, die bei einer streifenden Kollision schwarzer Loecher entstehen Bilder Animationen Verschmelzung umkreisender Neutronensterne Bilder Animationen Back Last modified July 2001, Werner Benger These pages have been generated automatically. In case of problems, please mail jean-luc@aei.mpg.de

35. Relativity And Black Hole Links Hole. Cartwheel icon A tour of Special relativity. COBE DMR icon Cosmologylinks. 2000). M84 STIS image, relativity and Black Hole links http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/relativity.html

Andrew Hamilton's Homepage Falling into a Black Hole A tour of Special Relativity Cosmology links ASTR 3740 Homepage (Spring 2000) Relativity and Black Hole links: Chris Hillman's Relativity on the World Wide Web is a superb place to start. Spacetime Wrinkles , a relativity exhibit. Space Telescope Science Institute for pics from Hubble Space Telescope Astronomy Picture of the Day , such as LMC X-1 Here or here for art from HEASARC (High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center). HEASARC's Imagine the Universe educational resource includes information about black holes. Exosat x-ray images Alan Bridle's radio images of Radio Galaxies and Quasars Gravitational Lensing Homepage. Max-Planck-Institut fur Astrophysik Gravitational Lensing Page. Pete Newbury's gravitational lensing demos Movies from the NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications). Michael Owen's High Mass X-Ray Binary Page. NCSA-Potsdam-Washington University Relativity Page. Cambridge Relativity Homepage. Ben Bromley's images of an accretion disk around an extreme Kerr black hole and of a turbulent accretion disk around a black hole Menu of art courtesy of the people running the Integral gamma-ray satellite.

36. 4C - The Relativity Of Ones Perception Essay by Lourens Hupkes. http://www.4c.com.br/h_hupkes_i.htm

The relativity of ones perception In Judaism it is told that to hear is standing in opposite of the other senses and that hearing is the quintessence. One explains further that the hearing is not only the hearing of the spoken word, but hearing in all ways. That is why one says: Salomo understands the language of the animals as well as the language of the plants. This does not mean that he understands the crowing of the cock, but he is able to hear something that maybe not at all in this way is expressed. The profets for instance do hear a voice also. And here one says about: this does not necessarily go together with sound in the way of our speech. They can hear that voice without any sound! If that very voice is heard, then it is hocus-pocus and that should be ignored. That voice is heard in another way. The Jiddish language expresses this in a special way. Jiddish is a kind of dialect from middle-age German which was spoken by the Jews who were expelled from Germany or fleeing at the time of the 'Black Death'(1300). They were admitted 'en masse' in then at that time Kingdom Poland and they took the middle-age German with them and this language has itself maintained there in the Jewish society. It has assimilated in the course of time some Slav and Hebrew words. In that Jiddish there is a difference between 'herren' of the German 'hoeren' that is hearing of a sound, and 'der herren' that signifies hearing in an other way. This word is used when for instance someone is telling that he has made the voyage through the 'Hechalos', that is the palaces (in modern terms one could say a voyage in meditation). One has left this world here and one has entered the palaces of the other realm.

37. Tensors And Relativity A complete online course in tensors and relativityCategory Science Physics relativity Courses and Tutorials...... http://vishnu.mth.uct.ac.za/omei/gr/

38. General Relativity General relativity. Einstein's 1916 paper on General relativity. In 1916Einstein expanded Grappling With relativity. In the decade after http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html

Forward Back Up Map ... Information General Relativity Einstein's 1916 paper on General Relativity In 1916 Einstein expanded his Special Theory to include the effect of gravitation on the shape of space and the flow of time. This theory, referred to as the General Theory of Relativity , proposed that matter causes space to curve. JPEG Image Embedding Diagrams Picture a bowling ball on a stretched rubber sheet. GIF Image The large ball will cause a deformation in the sheet's surface. A baseball dropped onto the sheet will roll toward the bowling ball. Einstein theorized that smaller masses travel toward larger masses not because they are "attracted" by a mysterious force, but because the smaller objects travel through space that is warped by the larger object. Physicists illustrate this idea using embedding diagrams Contrary to appearances, an embedding diagram does not depict the three-dimensional "space" of our everyday experience. Rather it shows how a 2D slice through familiar 3D space is curved downwards when embedded in flattened hyperspace. We cannot fully envision this hyperspace; it contains seven dimensions, including one for time! Flattening it to 3D allows us to represent the curvature. Embedding diagrams can help us visualize the implications of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The Flow of Spacetime Another way of thinking of the curvature of spacetime was elegantly described by Hans von Baeyer. In a prize-winning

39. Mechanics And Special Relativity Introduction to Lagrangian mechanics, Noether's theorem, special relativity, collisions and scattering, rotational motion, angular momentum, torque, the moment of inertia tensor, oscillators damped and driven, gravitation, planetary motion, and introduction to cosmology http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~phys16/

Fall 2002 Handouts Lectures Assignments eMailbag ... Early Evaluations Physics 16 Mechanics and Special Relativity Howard Georgi Calendar and Announcements Tuesday, March 18, 2003 There are no announcements for today. Newtonian mechanics and special relativity for students with good preparation in physics and mathematics at the level of the advanced placement curriculum. Topics include an introduction to Lagrangian mechanics, Noether's theorem, special relativity, collisions and scattering, rotational motion, angular momentum, torque, the moment of inertia tensor, oscillators damped and driven, gravitation, planetary motion, and an introduction to cosmology. GREAT JOB - ALL I am delighted to say that you all did well in the course. I know that a few of you were disappointed that your brains froze up on the inclass final. I wish I knew how prevent this. But none of you did badly, and remember that I know many of you well and I am happy to tell others about your strengths. If you would like to discuss spring term courses, I would be happy to talk to you. I am hoping to be in the department in the late afternoons. There will be construction going on near my office this term, so I probably won't spend time there until about 2:30pm. I will also be available in the Leverett dining hall at various time. Send an email if you can't find me. Course info for 2002 in the handouts folder.

40. Spacetime Wrinkles Glossary electrodynamics. Certain problems in the manifestation of these laws promptedEinstein to formulate and publish his theory of Special relativity in 1905. http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/glossary.html

Back Map Information Expo Home Glossary Accretion Disk In a binary system containing a star and a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole) gas may flow from the star to the compact object. According to the theoretical model, the gas will spiral in and fall to the surface of the compact object creating a flow of matter in the shape of a disk. It is generally believed that this model explains many features of X-ray pulsars Apparent Horizon When matter falls inward to form a black hole it is not always easy to see where the event horizon might be. It might appear at one time that a light ray is capable of escaping but infalling matter might eventually prevent it from doing so. The apparent horizon is a surface on which outgoing light rays are just trapped, and cannot expand outward. It is a stronger condition than the event horizon, and the apparent horizon always lies inside the event horizon, or coincides with it. This situation is analgous to a man running through a corridor filled with doors. He is trying to run outward, but the doors are closing in sequence from the outside in. How many doors will he be able to pass through before he is blocked by a closed door? The door that is closest to him that is currently closed is analgous to the apparent horizon. The door that he will actually reach before he cannot travel further is analogous to the event horizon. Arc Second The size of a celestial object expressed in terms of the angle that it covers (or "subtends") when viewed from Earth. For example, the moon subtends an angle of 1/2 a degree. One degree of arc is defined as equivalent to 60 minutes of arc (or "arc minutes"). Arc minutes are further divided into arc seconds, such that there 60 x 60 or 3600 arc seconds per degree. So the moon's apparent size can also be expressed as 1/2 degree x 3600 = 1800 arc seconds. If the the distance to an object is also known, then its angular size can be used to calculate its diameter in miles or kilometers.

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