1. Clausius Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius. Rudolf Clausius's father, Rev CEG Clausius,was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html

Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius Born: 2 Jan 1822 in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) Died: 24 Aug 1888 in Bonn, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Rudolf Clausius 's father, Rev C E G Clausius, was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board. He founded a small private school, becoming its principal, and as a minister of the church he also served as its pastor. Rudolf was brought up in a large family, being the sixth of his father's sons. He attended his father's school for a few years and then moved to a Gymnasium in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) where he remained until he had completed his schooling in 1840. One of his brothers, Robert Clausius, wrote that at school:- ... all intimate with him learnt to esteem his reliability and truthfulness. ... the greatest confidence and trust were placed in him. His judgement ... was highly valued. Clausius entered the University of Berlin in 1840 although at this stage he was still not clear which subjects he would pursue. For a while he was strongly attracted towards history, but finally he decided to concentrate on mathematics and physics. It was in these subjects that he completed his degree by Easter of the year 1844 and then spent a probationary year teaching at the Frederic-Werder Gymnasium. At the Gymnasium Clausius taught the advanced classes in mathematics and physics. In 1846 he entered Boeck's Royal Seminary and submitted his dissertation, on the problem of reflected light in the sky, to Halle University in 1847. He received his doctorate, with distinction, on 15 July 1848. This early work by Clausius was aimed at explaining the blue colour of the sky, the red colours seen at sunrise and sunset, and the polarisation of light; see [11] for details. It has turned out not to be based on correct physics because it assumed the effects were caused by reflection and refraction of light rather than being caused by the scattering of light as

2. WIEM: Clausius Rudolf Emanuel (encyklopedia.pl)Category World Polska Leksykon Encyklopedia encyklopedia.pl C......clausius rudolf Emanuel (18221888), fizyk niemiecki. Fizyka, Niemcy ClausiusRudolf Emanuel (1822-1888), widok strony znajdz podobne pokaz powiazane. http://wiem.onet.pl/wiem/006551.html

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wiem.onet.pl napisz do nas losuj: has³a multimedia Fizyka Kinetyczna teoria gazów widok strony znajd¼ podobne poka¿ powi±zane Kinetyczna teoria gazów, teoria, której podstawy opracowa³ w 1856 R.E. Clausius , wyja¶niaj±ca makroskopowe w³asno¶ci gazów jako rezultat zjawisk kinetycznych zachodz±cych pomiêdzy nieustannie poruszaj±cymi siê cz±steczkami (atomami) gazu. Du¿y wk³ad w rozwój tej teorii wniós³ pó¼niej J.C. Maxwell i  J.D. Van der Waals Powi±zania Stefan Josef Dynamika gwiazdowa Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard Maxwell James Clerk ... do góry Encyklopedia zosta³a opracowana na podstawie Popularnej Encyklopedii Powszechnej Wydawnictwa Fogra

4. Famous People Augustin Celsius Anders Ciolkovskij Konstantin Civita Tullio Levi Cockroft JohnCohenTannoudji Compton Arthur Cooper Leon clausius rudolf Clebsch Alfred http://www.aldebaran.cz/famous/list_abc.html

A B C Adams John Airy George Alferov Zhores Alfven Hannes ... Odkazy

5. Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences 16 (1889), 458465. G Ronge, DieZuricher Jahre des Physikers Rudolf Clausius, Gesnerus 12 (1955), 73-108. http://www.eat-online.net/spanish/education/biographies/clausius .htm

Rudolf Clausius Born: 2 Jan 1822 in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) Died: 24 Aug 1888 in Bonn, Germany Rudolf Clausius was professor of physics in Berlin (1850), then in Zurich (1855), then at Würzburg (1867) and finally at Bonn (1869). Essentially a theoretical physicist, he did important work in thermodynamics. In a paper of 1865 he stated the First and Second laws of thermodynamics in the following form. 1. The energy of the universe is constant. 2. The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum. In all Clausius wrote eight important papers on the topic. He restated Sadi Carnot's principle of the efficiency of heat engines. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation expresses the relation between the pressure and temperature at which two phases of a substance are in equilibrium. References Dictionary of Scientific Biography Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica J W Gibbs, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius, Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences G Ronge, Die Zuricher Jahre des Physikers Rudolf Clausius, Gesnerus E Mendoza (ed.)

6. Clausius Rudolf Clausius (18221888). Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme. Annalender Physik und Chemie , 79, 368-97, 500-24 (1850) translated http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/Clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) Annalen der Physik und Chemie , 368-97, 500-24 (1850) [translated and excerpted in William Francis Magie, A Source Book in Physics [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935] Since heat was first used as a motive power in the steam-engine, thereby suggesting from practice that a certain quantity of work may be treated as equivalent to the heat needed to produce it, it was natural to assume also in theory a definite relation between a quantity of heat and the work which in any possible way can be produced by it, and to use this relation in drawing conclusions about the nature and the laws of heat itself. In fact, several fruitful investigations of this sort have already been made; yet I think that the subject is not yet exhausted, but on the other hand deserves the earnest attention of physicists, partly because serious objections can be raised to the conclusions that have already been reached, partly because other conclusions, which may readily be drawn and which will essentially contribute to the establishment and completion of the theory of heat, still remain entirely unnoticed or have not yet been stated with sufficient definiteness. Joule , in which heat is produced in several different ways by the application of mechanical work, have almost certainly proved not only the possibility of increasing the quantity of heat in any circumstances but also the law that the quantity of heat developed is proportional to the work expanded in the operation. To this it must be added that other facts have lately become known which support the view, that heat is not a substance, but consists in a motion of the least parts of bodies. If this view is correct, it is admissible to apply to heat the general mechanical principle that a motion may be transformed into work, and in such a manner that the loss of kinetic energy is proportional to the work accomplished.

7. Rudolf Clausius - Wikipedia Rudolf Clausius. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Rudolf (JuliusEmanuel) Clausius (18221888), German Physicist, Edit this http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Rudolf Clausius From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius German physicist Edit this page Discuss this page ... Recent changes It was last modified 23:11 Mar 3, 2003. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Main Page Recent changes Random page ... Bug reports

8. Abecední Seznam Stránek ConVERTER Webu C. Carnot Sadi Nicolas Léonard. Celsius Anders. CGS systém. clausius rudolf JuliusEmanuel. Computer 22/00 (recenze). conVERTER Online. Coulomb Charles Auguste. http://www.converter.cz/mapa_abc.htm

ABC seznam stránek webu Domovská stránka Abecední seznam stránek A B C D ... Z A abecední seznam jednotek Ampére André Marie Angström Anders Jöns anketa k aplikaci conVERTER ... Avogadro Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo B basTER basTER on-line Baudot Jean-Maurice-Émile Becquerel Antoine Henri ... Broglie Louis Victor Pierre Raymond C Carnot Sadi Nicolas Léonard Celsius Anders CGS systém Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel ... Èerenkov Pavel Alexandroviè D Dalton John Debye Peter délka délka (on-line) ... dynamická viskozita plynù (fyzikální tabulky) E Edison Thomas Alva Einstein Albert elektrický proud energie ... Excel F FAQ (èasto kladené otázky) FAQ conVERTER FAQ download FAQ instalace ... Fyzici G Galilei Galileo Gauss Karl Friedrich generátor hesel Gilbert William ... Guericke Otto H Hawking Stephen William Heinsenberg Werner Karl Henry Joseph Hertz Gustav ... Huygens Christian Ch Chip CD 8/00 (recenze) chyby conVERTER - hlášení I instalace verze 1.30 intenzita magnetického pole J jas jas (on-line) jednotky jednotky - základní ... Joule James Prescott K kapacita Kelvin William Thomson Kepler Johannes kilogram ... kroutící moment L Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lambert Johann Heinrich Lenard Philipp Eduard Anton (von Lenard) Lorentz Hendrik Antoon M magnetická indukce magnetický tok Ernst Mach Martens - tvrdost podle Martense ... molová vodivost (fyzikální tabulky) N náboj elektrický náhled aplikace conVERTER napìtí napìtí (on-line) ... Novinky O objem objem (on-line) obsah obsah (on-line) ... odinstalace verze 1.30

9. Clausius Rudolf Clausius (18221888). Drawing by Soshichi Uchii. BACK TO GALLERYINDEX. Last modified, January 25, 1999. suchii@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp. http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Gallery/clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius [Drawing by Soshichi Uchii] BACK TO GALLERY INDEX Last modified, January 25, 1999. suchii@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp

10. Rudolf Clausius - Acapedia - Free Knowledge, For All Friends of Acapedia Rudolf Clausius. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Rudolf(Julius Emanuel) Clausius (18221888), German Physicist. Current Events. http://acapedia.org/aca/Rudolf_Clausius

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11. Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius (1822 1888) Germany He was Professor of Physics atBerlin (1850), Zurich (1855), Wurzburg (1867) and Bonn (1869). http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/Clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius (1822 - 1888) Germany He was Professor of Physics at Berlin (1850), Zurich (1855), Wurzburg (1867) and Bonn (1869). He worked with results of Joule and Carnot and in an 1865 paper stated the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. 1. The energy of the universe is constant. 2. The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum. He developed the concept of entropy and coined the term entropy. Clausius-Clapeyron equation expresses P and T relation for solids or liquids in equilibrium with vapor. With Maxwell, he developed the kinetic theory of gases.

12. Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822 1888). born January 2, 1822 inKölin. died August 24, 1988 in Bonn. German physicist. R. Clausius http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/courses/me354/clausius.html

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius born: died: August 24, 1988 in Bonn He formulated the second law of thermodynamics and introduced the entropy as equation of state. Carnot's law such, that the work produced by heat is not only proportional to the heat transferred from the warmer to the colder body, but is also proportional to the temperature difference of the two bodies. Most recent update: 12-01-99

13. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries Josip Bothe Walter Boyle Robert Bracket Broglie Louis Victor de Cabeo NiccoloCarus Titus Lucretius Chadwick James clausius rudolf Emanuel Cockcroft John http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/low/eng/index-names.html

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Atom. The incredible world. , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Atom. The incredible world. click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Atom. The incredible world. click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1998 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption This site presents problems and discoveries in experimental atomic physics. Textbook-like, its contents spans 2,000 years of history, starting with Democritus, the Greek philosopher. A special section on the twentieth century provides information on x-rays, radiation, and the quantum theory. Historical background information on the scientists helps develop an overview of the achievements in this area. The site is in English and Polish. Students Grzegorz XIV L.O. im. Stanislawa Staszica

14. Clausius RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS (18221888). (OrigemBild-Archivdes Osterreichischem Nationalbibliotek, Wien; Fotog. da época). http://www.eq.uc.pt/~eq1amf/claus.html

RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS (Origem: Bild-Archiv des Osterreichischem Nationalbibliotek , Wien; Fotog. da época) Clausius was born in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) and was educated at the Stettin Gymnasium and the University of Berlin, and obtaining his doctorate at the University of Halle in 1847. In 1855 he became professor of mathematical physics at the Polytechnicum of Zurich, moving to the University of Wurzburg in 1867 and the University of Bonn in 1869.He remained at Bonn to the end of his life, serving as Rector of the University in his later years. Clausius was not an experimentalist, altough much of his work had significant pratical implications. He carried out research on a variety of topics in theoretical physics, making particularly important contributions to Thermodynamics and to the kinetic theory of gases. His work in Thermodynamics, carried out in the 1850s and 1860s,... his main contributions being to make a detailed analysis of the Carnot cycle and to introduce the concept of entropy. In 1865-1867 he published an important book, Die mechanishe warmetheorie which was later translated into English as The Mechanical Theory of Heat.

15. NIELROW BOOKS LETTER C Translate this page 2(LW)Vol. 3(LW) - clausius rudolf Théorie mécanique de la chaleur(N) - ClausiusRudolf Abhandlungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie Vol.1(W)Vol. http://www.dprix.com/biblio/cpage.html

NIELROW BOOKS TEXTES EN LIGNE / BOOKS ON LINE L =livre / C =copie papier / W =web / N HOME PREVIOUS NEXT C - Cabanis Pierre Jean Georges : rapports du physique et du moral chez l'Homme Vol. 1 (N-W) Vol. 2 (W-N) (N-W) - Caesar Peter : Speech and confession(N-W)* - Caille Jean de la : Description de la ville et des faubourgs de Paris en vingt planches(N) - Caius John : De canibus britannica(N-W)* (N-W) (W) - Calvin Jean : Christian religion Institutes (W) - Campanella Tommaso : La citta del Sol (W) - Camus Albert : La peste(L) - Camus Albert : Le mythe de Sisyphe(L) (W) - Candolle Alphonse de : La phytographie (W) (W) Vol. 2 (W) (W) - Candolle Aug. Pyr. de : Sur les fleurs doubles(C) - Cantalupo Piero : De flore dietarum(N-W)* - Cantigas de Santa Maria (N-W) (W) (W-N-C) - Capo Ferro Ridolfo : dell arte et del uso della scherma(N-W)* - Carlyle Thomas : Early kings of Norway(N) - Carlyle Thomas : Friedrich II of Prussia(N) - Carlyle Thomas : Life of John Sterling(N) - Carlyle Thomas : On heroes(N) - Carlyle Thomas : Sartor resartus(N) (W-N) (L-C-N-W) (W-N) (W-N) (W-N) (W-N) (W-N) - Caroso Fabritio : Il ballerino(N-W)* - Carter Howard : La tombe de Toutankhamon(L) - Cartier Jacques : Les trois voyages au Canada(L) - Casanova : Isocameron(L) - Casanova : Memoirs(N-W) - Castaneda Pedro de : The journey of Coronado(N) - Castiglione Baldassare : Opere volgari e latine(N-W)* - Castillon Jean L. : Essai sur les erreurs et les superstitions(N)

16. Short Biographies: Ch clausius, rudolf Julius Emmanuel 2 Jan 1822 24 Aug 1888 German He was professorof physics in Berlin, then in Zurich, then at Würzburg and finally at Bonn. http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/physicist/Ch.html

Clapeyron , Benoit Paul Emile 26 Jan 1799 - 28 Jan 1864 French Sadi Carnot 's ideas on heat analytically, with the help of graphical representations, in 1834. This work had important influences on Thomson and Clausius . He also was interested in railway engineering and designed steam locomotives. The Clapeyron relation, a differential equation which determines the heat of vaporisation of a liquid, is named after him. Clausius , Rudolf Julius Emmanuel 2 Jan 1822 - 24 Aug 1888 German 1. The energy of the universe is constant. 2. The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum. In all he wrote eight important papers on the topic. He restated Sadi Carnot 's principle of the efficiency of heat engines. The Clausius- Clapeyron equation expresses the relation between the pressure and temperature at which two phases of a substance are in equilibrium. JOC/EFR February 1995

17. Rudolf Clausius rudolf clausius. (* 2. Januar 1822 in Köslin, + 24. http://www.wuerzburg.de/gym-fkg/schule/fachber/physik/lk9799/lk.13/clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius LK Ph 13 Fachbereich Physik Fachbereiche maerz@fkg.wuerzburg.de

18. References For Clausius References for rudolf clausius. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (NewYork 19701990). WH Cropper, rudolf clausius and the road to entropy, Amer. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Clausius.html

References for Rudolf Clausius Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: C Jungnickel and R McCormmach, Intellectual Mastery of Nature, 2 Volumes (Chicago, 1986). E Mendoza (ed.), Reflections on the motive power of fire by Sadi Carnot, and other papers on the second law of thermodynamics by E Clapeyron and R Claissius (New York, 1960). Articles: F Bevilacqua, History of electrodynamics : W Weber and R Clausius on the principle of conservation of energy, in Proceedings of the fifth national congress on the history of physics, Rome, 1984, Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Sci. Fis. Natur. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. G Bierhalter, Die v. Helmholtzschen Monozykel-Analogien zur Thermodynamik und das Clausiussche Disgregationskonzept, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. W H Cropper, Rudolf Clausius and the road to entropy, Amer. J. Phys. W Ebeling and J Orphal, Rudolph Clausius in Berlin (1840-1855) (German), Wiss. Z. Humboldt-Univ. Berlin Math.-Natur. Reihe G F FitzGerald, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius

19. Clausius Biography of rudolf clausius (18221888) rudolf clausius's father, Rev C E G clausius, was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html

Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius Born: 2 Jan 1822 in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) Died: 24 Aug 1888 in Bonn, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Rudolf Clausius 's father, Rev C E G Clausius, was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board. He founded a small private school, becoming its principal, and as a minister of the church he also served as its pastor. Rudolf was brought up in a large family, being the sixth of his father's sons. He attended his father's school for a few years and then moved to a Gymnasium in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) where he remained until he had completed his schooling in 1840. One of his brothers, Robert Clausius, wrote that at school:- ... all intimate with him learnt to esteem his reliability and truthfulness. ... the greatest confidence and trust were placed in him. His judgement ... was highly valued. Clausius entered the University of Berlin in 1840 although at this stage he was still not clear which subjects he would pursue. For a while he was strongly attracted towards history, but finally he decided to concentrate on mathematics and physics. It was in these subjects that he completed his degree by Easter of the year 1844 and then spent a probationary year teaching at the Frederic-Werder Gymnasium. At the Gymnasium Clausius taught the advanced classes in mathematics and physics. In 1846 he entered Boeck's Royal Seminary and submitted his dissertation, on the problem of reflected light in the sky, to Halle University in 1847. He received his doctorate, with distinction, on 15 July 1848. This early work by Clausius was aimed at explaining the blue colour of the sky, the red colours seen at sunrise and sunset, and the polarisation of light; see [11] for details. It has turned out not to be based on correct physics because it assumed the effects were caused by reflection and refraction of light rather than being caused by the scattering of light as

20. Clausius, Rudolf (1822-1888) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biogra Branch of Science " Physicists Nationality " German clausius, rudolf (18221888) German physicist who reconciled the results of Joule with the theories of Sadi Carnot by abandoning the idea that heat was conserved. He stated formally the http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Clausius.html

Branch of Science Physicists Nationality German Clausius, Rudolf (1822-1888) German physicist who reconciled the results of Joule with the theories of Sadi Carnot by abandoning the idea that heat was conserved. He stated formally the equivalence of heat and work First Law of Thermodynamics ) and developed the concept of entropy (which he named in 1865) to explain the directionality of physical processes. He discovered the fact that entropy can never decrease in a physical process and can only remain constant in a reversible process, a result which became known as the Second Law of Thermodynamics With Maxwell , he developed the kinetic theory of gases. In "Über die Art der Bewegung welche wir Wärme nennen" ("On the Kind of Motion which we Call Heat" (1857), he provided a full account of the kinetic theory of molecular motions. This was the first systematic treatment of the kinetic theory. It used probabilistic arguments, introduced the concept of mean free path, and correlated temperature and velocity Clausius resolved this paradox of Buys-Ballot by explaining the motion of particles in terms of a random walk resulting from many collisions. Clausius also coined the word "virial" used in the virial equations.

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