1. Science In India: History Of Mathematics: Indian Mathematicians And Astronomers, Describes Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta - who modelled the solar system, Bhaskar, Varahamira, Category Science Math History...... Mathematical investigation continued into the 10th C. vijayanandi (of Benares,whose Karanatilaka was translated by AlBeruni into Arabic) and Sripati of http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.

2. Vijayanandi vijayanandi. Born about 940 in Benares (now Varanasi), India Died about1010 in India. vijayanandi (or vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Vijayanandi.html

Vijayanandi Born: about 940 in Benares (now Varanasi), India Died: about 1010 in India Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Vijayanandi (or Vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. He was born into the Brahman caste which meant he was from the highest ranking caste of Hindu priests. He was an Indian mathematician and astronomer whose most famous work was the Karanatilaka. We should note that there was another astronomer named Vijayanandi who was mentioned by Varahamihira in one of his works. Since Varahamihira wrote around 550 and the Karanatilaka was written around 966, there must be two astronomers both named "Vijayanandi". The Karanatilaka has not survived in its original form but we know of the text through an Arabic translation by al-Biruni . It is a work in fourteen chapters covering the standard topics of Indian astronomy. It deals with the topics of: units of time measurement; mean and true longitudes of the sun and moon; the length of daylight; mean longitudes of the five planets; true longitudes of the five planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; lunar eclipses, solar eclipses; the projection of eclipses; first visibility of the planets; conjunctions of the planets with each other and with fixed stars; the moon's crescent; and the patas of the moon and sun. The Indians had a cosmology which was based on long periods of time with astronomical events occurring a certain whole number of times within the cycles. This system led to much work on integer solutions of equations and their application to astronomy. In particular there was, according to

3. Vijayanandi Biography of vijayanandi (9401010) Main index. vijayanandi (or vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Vijayanandi.html

Vijayanandi Born: about 940 in Benares (now Varanasi), India Died: about 1010 in India Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Vijayanandi (or Vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. He was born into the Brahman caste which meant he was from the highest ranking caste of Hindu priests. He was an Indian mathematician and astronomer whose most famous work was the Karanatilaka. We should note that there was another astronomer named Vijayanandi who was mentioned by Varahamihira in one of his works. Since Varahamihira wrote around 550 and the Karanatilaka was written around 966, there must be two astronomers both named "Vijayanandi". The Karanatilaka has not survived in its original form but we know of the text through an Arabic translation by al-Biruni . It is a work in fourteen chapters covering the standard topics of Indian astronomy. It deals with the topics of: units of time measurement; mean and true longitudes of the sun and moon; the length of daylight; mean longitudes of the five planets; true longitudes of the five planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; lunar eclipses, solar eclipses; the projection of eclipses; first visibility of the planets; conjunctions of the planets with each other and with fixed stars; the moon's crescent; and the patas of the moon and sun. The Indians had a cosmology which was based on long periods of time with astronomical events occurring a certain whole number of times within the cycles. This system led to much work on integer solutions of equations and their application to astronomy. In particular there was, according to

4. References For Vijayanandi References for vijayanandi. The URL of this page is http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/vijayanandi.html. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Vijayanandi.html

References for Vijayanandi Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Articles: R N Rai, Some observations on Vrddha-vasistha Siddhanta, Indian J. History Sci. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Vijayanandi.html

5. References For Vijayanandi References for the biography of vijayanandi References for vijayanandi. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 19701990). http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/References/Vijayanandi.html

References for Vijayanandi Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Articles: R N Rai, Some observations on Vrddha-vasistha Siddhanta, Indian J. History Sci. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Vijayanandi.html

6. Vijayanandi The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://140.128.17.82/s8705052/Vijayanandi.htm

7. ? ? ? . vijayanandi. ?. . (9401010). , http//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/vijayanandi.html. http://140.128.17.82/s8705052/page3.htm

8. Rivendell Retreat Centre Suitable for those familiar with meditation as practiced in the FWBO. £110/£80For further information about this weekend contact vijayanandi vijayanandi@jaya http://www.rivendellretreatcentre.com/communication.html

Perfect Speech Tues 25 (arrive 10.30 for 11 o'clock start) - Wed 26 March (finish 5 pm) 2003 led by Prasannasiddhi Prasannasiddhi will show us how Non-Violent Communication, as pioneered by Marshall Rosenberg, has much in common with the ethos of Buddhism, and will help us to develop more creative ways of practicing the speech precepts. £95/£75. Please book by 7 March Still Point in a Turning World Thursday 15 - Sunday 18 May 2003 Led by members of the Metta Project Team. Meditation retreat for all professionals and volunteers engaged in care work. An opportunity, over a long weekend, to settle into and refresh your practice of meditation: a perfect balance to the many demands of a busy working life. Suitable for those familiar with meditation as practiced in the FWBO. For further information about this weekend contact Vijayanandi vijayanandi@jaya.freeserve.co.uk For further information on the Metta Project contact Stella Morris stella@cosmos46.freeserve.co.uk Everyday Dharma Fri 13 - Sun 15 June 2003 led by Achalvajra and Amaraketu Staying in touch with our Buddhist practice in an unsupportive environment is difficult. How can we translate our values and principles into our day to day activities? Achalavajra and Amaraketu, both experienced business performance coaches, use discussion, reflection and role-playing to develop and deepen ethical communication.

9. UV Index Pierre (411) Vernier, Pierre (344) Veronese, Giuseppe (617) Verrier, Urbain Le (450*)Vessiot, Ernest (229*) Viète, François (2352*) vijayanandi (424) Vincent http://math.ichb.ro/History/Indexes/UV.html

10. Index Of /~history/Mathematicians html 20Jan-2003 1753 5.3K Viviani.html 20-Jan-2003 1753 7.6K Vitali.html 20-Jan-20031753 6.4K Vinogradov.html 20-Jan-2003 1753 11K vijayanandi.html 20-Jan http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Mathematicians/?C=N&O=D

11. Index Of /~history/Mathematicians html 20Jan-2003 1752 6.4K Cartan_Henri.html 20-Jan-2003 1751 6.4K Akhiezer.html20-Jan-2003 1751 6.4K Kramp.html 20-Jan-2003 1752 6.4K vijayanandi.html 20 http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Mathematicians/?C=S&O=A

12. Famous Mathematicians With A V Argelia VelezRodriguez John Venn Pierre Verhulst Pierre Vernier Giuseppe VeroneseUrbain Le Verrier Ernest Vessiot François Viete vijayanandi Gregorius Saint http://www.famousmathematician.com/az/mathematician_V.htm

Mathematicians - V Giovanni Vacca Giovanni Vailati Patrick du Val Luca Valerio Howard van Amringe Ludolph van Ceulen David van Dantzig Bartel van der Waerden Hendrik van Heuraet Philip van Lansberge Adriaan van Roomen Frans van Schooten Edward van Vleck Alexandre Vandermonde Harry Vandiver Varahamihira Varahamihira Pierre Varignon Mikhail Vashchenko-Z Oswald Veblen Jurij von Vega Argelia Velez-Rodriguez John Venn Pierre Verhulst Pierre Vernier Giuseppe Veronese Urbain Le Verrier Ernest Vessiot François Viete Vijayanandi Gregorius Saint-Vincent Leonardo da Vinci Ivan Vinogradov Giuseppe Vitali Vincenzo Viviani Adriaan Vlacq Edward van Vleck Vito Volterra Walther von Dyck Helge von Koch Gottfried von Leibniz Carl von Lindemann Hilda Geiringer von Mises Richard von Mises John von Neumann Johann von Segner Philipp von Seidel Georg von Vega Gheorghe Vranceanu Send mail to webmaster@famousmathematician.com

13. Full Alphabetical Index List of mathematical biographies indexed alphabetically http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Full_Alph.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (1317*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (822) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (2362*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912*) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

14. Index Of /~history/Mathematicians Index of /~history/Mathematicians Name Last modified Size http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians

Index of /~history/Mathematicians Name Last modified Size Description ... Abbe.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 8.2K Abel.html 12-Mar-2003 09:36 26K Abraham.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 9.6K Abraham_Max.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 8.9K Abu'l-Wafa.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 13K Abu_Kamil.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 12K Ackermann.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 5.0K Adams.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 9.7K Adams_Frank.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 10K Adelard.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 12K Adler.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 4.9K Adrain.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 13K Aepinus.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 11K Agnesi.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 18K Ahlfors.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 10K Ahmed.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 8.5K Ahmes.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 5.9K Aida.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 9.0K Aiken.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 9.2K Airy.html 20-Jan-2003 17:51 22K Aitken.html

15. Index Of /history/References Index of /history/References Name Last modified Size http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/References

Index of /history/References Name Last modified Size Description ... Abbe.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.6K Abel.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 3.7K Abraham.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.7K Abraham_Max.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.7K Abu'l-Wafa.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 3.8K Abu_Kamil.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 3.8K Ackermann.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.3K Adams.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.8K Adams_Frank.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.6K Adelard.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 4.5K Adrain.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.7K Aepinus.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.7K Agnesi.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 3.9K Ahlfors.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.3K Ahmed.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.4K Ahmes.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.6K Aida.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.1K Aiken.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.7K Airy.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 3.4K Aitken.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.8K Ajima.html 20-Jan-2003 17:54 2.6K Akhiezer.html

16. Adeydas.hypermart.net/my_messages/science_articles_storage.txt Here are a few of my science articles http://adeydas.hypermart.net/my_messages/science_articles_storage.txt

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