41. Www.un.org/Conferences/habitat/eng-stat/10/nor10.txt for the harsh climate and can accommodate reindeer processing and the exerciseof traditional sami crafts. Housing for indigenous peoples should, therefore http://www.un.org/Conferences/habitat/eng-stat/10/nor10.txt

Habitat II. Address delivered in Istanbul on 10 June 1996 by Director General Inger Lindgren, Delegation of Norway Indigenous shelter and land The housing policy sought by the Norwegian Government should have the following central definition as its point of departure: A housing policy for indigenous peoples which to the greatest possible extent maintains their cultural traditions and takes their particular needs into account. This applies to: the siting of housing in the terrain in keeping with traditional ways of life and occupations, and the design of housing with the same considerations in mind. This applies first and foremost to indigenous peoples who live in their traditional territories and are engaged in some form or other of traditional occupation, but also to others in so far as the question arises and the solution is practicable. Generally speaking, indigenous peoples live and carry on their occupations in marginal areas. Their occupations are often the most efficient utilization of the limited resources available. In so far as the lives they lead remain in keeping with their traditions, the ways of life of such peoples often reflect ecological adaptation to the natural surroundings in which they live. What we End is both ecological, economic and cultural sustainability. Such location of housing in landscapes as I have in mind, which takes account of traditional ways of life and occupations, must be combined with demands for modern infrastructure and planning, and for ecologically justifiable adaptation of dwellings. What this implies is for instance that where dense development appears to offer the environmentally most rational solution, it will have to be weighed against the need to maintain the language, culture and traditional occupations of the indigenous people. Traditional occupations often call for more scattered dwellings. A particular need we have seen in Norway is for dwellings for the Sami people which are suitable for the harsh climate and can accommodate reindeer processing and the exercise of traditional Sami crafts. Housing for indigenous peoples should, therefore, not only meet more basic needs, but also be designed to meet particular functional and aesietic demands. The planning of housing with such considerations in mind is probably new to most of us. Housing needs to be adapted to the natural surroundings and other living conditions of the groups of people concerned in the various countries. Perhaps we could call this a "perspective from below" or a "perspective from within" on the planning of dwellings and housing developments for indigenous peoples. As a policy, however, it is in keeping with both national and international Norwegian obligations towards the Sami. In its Article 27, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides for the protection of minorities like the Sami against discrimination, and for positive special treatment of the Sami as an indigenous population. The concept of culture in the Covenant has been increasingly widely held to comprise not only ideal culture (language, music, theater, etc.) but also its material foundations. As used in Article 27, the concept of culture can accordingly be understood to comprise the material foundations of the culture and the conditions necessary for maintaining that culture. In 1990, Norway ratified ILO Convention no. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. Various articles in that Convention can be taken into consideration where the planning of dwellings for indigenous people is concerned. Article 7.4 states that measures shall be taken to protect and preserve the environment of the territories they inhabit. Article 23 provides among other things that traditional activities shall be recognized as important factors in the maintenance of the cultures of the peoples in question. In Norway we are concerned that also housing policy should accord with and reflect these principles. Of great importance to the indigenous peoples are the Convention's articles (especially Articles 6 and 7) on their participation in decision-making on matters concerning them. This helps to give a focus to the "perspective from within", the need for which I have already underlined. In this connection, we should also mention Chapter 26 of "Agenda 21", discussed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. Agenda 21 assumes that indigenous peoples have a historical relation to the land they inhabit and the environment in which they live. According to Agenda 21, steps should be taken to recognize the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples concerning management of the natural environment, and to incorporate that knowledge in such management. Here, too, emphasis is placed on their participation. Norway has sought to embody its policy towards the Sami in Article 110 A of our Constitution, and to implement it through an Act relating to the Sami which accords with the provisions and interpretations I have mentioned. These instruments of central government establish policy guidelines at the various levels of the administration and in the various sectors, such as housing policy. This is not to say that we have found unambiguous answers to how policy should be designed in each sector and adapted to the situations and needs of the different indigenous peoples. That has to be an ongoing process, with scope for flexible national solutions. We do believe, however, that such solutions can only be found through real cooperation between governments and indigenous peoples.

42. This Is Carleton - Indigenous Peoples In Post-Soviet Russia the Russian Academy have interviewed some 350 representatives of some 22 differentindigenous minorities in an area stretching from the sami peoples of the http://www.carleton.ca/duc/tic/00/dec4/article8.htm

Volume 2, Number 24 December 4, 2000. The project funding, approximately $800,000 (Cdn), was awarded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, based in Stockholm. Specifically, the team will examine current administrative policies of the Russian federal and regional governments as they relate to the legal rights of a number of small indigenous minorities scattered across the Siberian and Far East regions of Russia. The funding will be used to pay monthly salaries for three doctoral students at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, one at the University of Helsinki in Finland and ten at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. The project team is headed by Professor Hugh Beach of the Institute of Cultural Anthropology, at Uppsala University in Sweden Beach has had extensive field research experience in northern Russia dating back 15 years. Researchers from the Russian Academy have interviewed some 350 representatives of some 22 different indigenous minorities in an area stretching from the Sami peoples of the Kola peninsula to the Nivkih peoples of Sakhalin Island on the Pacific coast of Russia. Each interview has been summarized and translated into English.

43. Samefolket, Aug 1998 be used to make clear demands on countrys like Russia when theres a support projectsfor any of the countrys many indigenous peoples like the sami's on the http://www.samefolket.se/aldre_nummer/aug983e.htm

From a document by the EU-commission: "The political dialogue should address the native peoples rights so that it is reflected in the national legislation." An excerpt from the draft document for the EU policy for indigenous peoples in the third world. A document which have been written in cooperation with the Sami council. The native peoples rights have to be strengthened. o make the intentions of this document become a reality it is recommended that representatives for the indigenous peoples becomes part of the political work so that the native peoples right are reflected in the legislation and in the various institutions. The protection of the knowledge of the indigenous peoples should also be strengthened, in a way that they get the opportunity to participate in international and national negotiations such as those on environmental matters. One of the goals that is emphasized is that the indigenous peoples should be allowed to control their social, economical and cultural development. The territorial rights of the native peoples also is said to need consideration. In the document one find definitions for indigenous peoples rights derived from international declarations and conventions. It also addresses previous experiences of development work and the needs and problems that exists. Finally the document contains guidelines for the future support to the indigenous peoples and which areas that are to be supported.

44. Samefolket Nr 8/97, Selfdetermination For Indigenous Peoples. one example od this is the native sami parliament in Sweden. according to UlfJohansson attourney and member of the delegation for indigenous peoples. http://www.samefolket.se/aldre_nummer/sept3e.htm

New forms of selfdetermination for indigenous peoples. Ulf Johansson attorney and socialantropologist. Many goverments feels hesitant about the indigenous nations demands on selfdeterminations. There's a fear that they might break free and create a nation-state of their own. The goverments have therefore began to look at other ways of solving this dilemma. -One way of interpret the principle of self determination is to create national integration instead of separation, one example od this is the native Sami parliament in Sweden. according to Ulf Johansson attourney and member of the delegation for indigenous peoples. He is disappointed that Sweden, even though the country have created the Sami parliament, have been extremely conservative during the work on the declaration of indigenous rights in Geneva. The Swedish representatives have been opposed to several of the suggestions in the draft papers, even to continue to discuss several aspects regarding selfdetermination at all. He have noted that some goverments gets touchy even by the issue of selfdetermination itself. To solve this seemingly unsolvable situation Ulf Johansson thinks that an clearification is needed of the ultimate goal of these UN proceedings. Many MP's of the Swedish parliament would also need better information about the ongoing discussions in other countrys. He notes that the negotiations in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Norway are conducted in a positive spirit between the governments and the indigenous representatives.

45. International Day Of Indigenous Peoples The International Day of indigenous peoples is 9 August every Smithsonian, and findout about the peoples of the of Quebec and Labrador, the sami of Northern http://www.acn.net.au/articles/1998/08/idip.htm

home australia.gov.au about this site register your site ... help Search: On this site On contributor websites Friday, 11-Apr-2003 17:42:35 AUS Eastern Standard Time International Day of Indigenous Peoples Cultural Resources Articles Audience ausculture newsletter Cultural statistics ... Training directory Newsletter Subscribe now! More info ausculture-newsletter Subcribe to our free e-mail ausculture-newsletter, bringing you the latest on culture, recreation and online issues The United Nations declared the decade 1994-2004 the International Decade of the Worlds' Indigenous Peoples. The International Day of Indigenous Peoples is 9 August every year. You can visit the National Museum of the American Indian at the Smithsonian, and find out about the peoples of the Arctic Circle including the Inupiat of Alaska, the Crees of Northern Quebec, the Nenets and Khanty of north-west Siberia, the Aleut of the Aleutian islands, the Innu of Quebec and Labrador, the Sami of Northern Europe and the people of Iceland. Learn about the Banaban from the Banaban Heritage Society , and the people of the Pacific region Articles There are articles on this website about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and history.

46. Rainbowbody Indigenous People Links Baiki Journal of the North American sami peoples,. are the 100,000 Indigenousinhabitants of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Russian Kola Peninsula. http://www.rainbowbody.net/Ongwhehonwhe/indiglink.htm

The Ongwhehonwhe Indigenous Peoples Links Native peoples struggles and visions, grass roots environmental and ecology organizations and communities, nonprofit and uncompromised political organizations. RA IN BO WB RI DG E for future generations . Aboriginal Voices Media Abya Yala Net Abya Yala means "Continent of Life" in the language of the Kuna peoples of Panama and Colombia. Here you will find much information on Indigenous peoples in Mexico, Central, and South America. American Indian MovementAmerican Indian Movement See also below links for Leonard Pelletier, Dennis Banks, John Trudell, wounded kneee, Fire in the Prairie, Pine Ridge, and Russell Means. AIM - The American Indian Movement : Grand Governing Council. AIM - Suggested Reading List AIM - (Confederation) Suggested Papers From AIM's Federation of Autonomous Chapters on the diffrence between them and the Grand Governing Council AIM - Confederation of Autonomous Chapters Akwesasne Notes is a Journal for Native and Natural Peoples. Of the best quality and many articles by John Mohawk. Part of the Mohawk Nation AKWESASNE TASK FORCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT (ATFE) A community based, grass-roots organization formed in 1987 to address the environmental problems facing the Mohawk Nation community of Akwesasne. The mission of the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment is to conserve, preserve, protect and restore the environment, natural and cultural resources within the Mohawk territory of Akwesasne (see map) in order to promote the health and survival of the sacred web of life for future generations and to fulfill our responsibilities to the natural world as our Creator has instructed

47. Common Objectives And Joint Measures Of The Sami Parliaments indigenous people. 2. Common Objectives of the sami Parliaments –indigenous peoples’ Right to Selfdetermination. The sami are http://www.suri.ee/uc/4/samiobj.html

The UN International Decade of Indigenous People Common Objectives and Joint Measures of the Sami Parliaments 1. The Decade of the World’s Indigenous People – Common Objectives and Joint Measures of the Sami Parliaments By declaring the years 1995–2004 as the International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People, the General Assembly of the United Nations has expressed the will to place indigenous matters on the international agenda for a period of ten years. When the UN member states now undertake to improve the living conditions of indigenous peoples, there is also a great challenge to the indigenous peoples themselves to give the Decade a concrete content that will produce results. The Sami Parliaments of Finland, Norway and Sweden are prepared to take on the inherent responsibilities by presenting own initiatives to the UN system, the nation states, and in the collaboration with other indigenous peoples. Through various international conferences, such as the World Conference on Women, the World Conference on Environment and Development, the World Conference on Human Rights, and other important meetings, the UN has addressed the demands and rights of indigenous peoples. The increasing focus on the situation of indigenous peoples world-wide forms the basis of the United Nations International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People. The Sami Parliaments will also participate in, and assume responsibility for this development, on their own terms. The framework of the Sami Parliaments’ work will in part be the formalised programmes on which the Decade is based, but also to a large extent the Sami culture and way of thinking; in other words, the very foundation of the Sami’s existence as a people.

48. Teaching Indigenous Peoples Music In A Mainstream Context in teacher education in Norway and New Zealand and 2) raise some questions aboutteaching the indigenous peoples music in a mainstream context. sami Music in http://www.hifm.no/hif/avdelingene/bsf/kunstfag/musikk/Anithas hjemmeside/Teacni

Teaching Indigenous Peoples Music in a Mainstream Context Background The writer lives in Norway where there is a large population of indigenous people calls the Sami. They reside primarily in the north of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. The Sami speak a native language and have maintained a music tradition that has survived despite the threats of extinction. For years, they were not allowed to speak their language or to perform their music. However in 1997, the Norwegian school system issued a mandate that all teachers must instruct students in music of the Sami at the primary and secondary levels. In order to acquire knowledge for accomplishing this task, the writer travelled to New Zealand to study a similar situation where music of the Maori (an indigenous culture) has been incorporated in the music programs. As a result of the study, the writer proposes to do two things in this presentation: 1 describe the situation of indigenous music in teacher education in Norway and New Zealand and 2) raise some questions about teaching the indigenous peoples music in a mainstream context. Sami Music in teacher education in Norway In Norway, there is a national curriculum framework (1997) that details the subjects that should be taught and the percentage each should occupy in the total educational program. However, the plan does not specify the content of the Sami traditions to be taught. Nor does it suggest teaching materials and aids to be used in instruction. Yet, teachers are required to integrate the music in the total curriculum.

49. Nordic Sami Educational Research Conference One of the objectives of the evaluation project is to fortify the cooperation betweenSami educational researchers and researchers of other indigenous peoples. http://www.samiskhs.no/FOU/nordic_sami_educational_research.htm

Nordic Sami Educational Research Conference Sami understanding and Sami education Endret: webmaster Hjem Kautokeino November 7 th th Sami University College participates in the national research-programme on Evaluation of the -97 Educational Reform. Sami University College's task is to evaluate the introduction of the Sami Curriculum for the 10-year compulsory school (L 97 S), especially within the administration area of the language regulations of the Sami Act. The title of the evaluation project is: "The Introduction of Sami Language and Culture in the Sami school". The project is funded by The Research Council of Norway's programme on Evaluating Reform 97. Sami University Colleges evaluation project started September 1 st 2001 and will last until June 30 th One of the objectives of the evaluation project is to fortify the cooperation between Sami educational researchers and researchers of other indigenous peoples. Thus we invite to the Nordic Sami Educational Research Conference in Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino November 7.th-9.th 2001. In the conference we will discuss what has happened and is happening within Sami and Indigenous educational research. Through the conference we will be developing knowledge on ethnicity, bilingualism, minority issues, and indigenous approaches to integration- and assimiliation issues. The objective of the research conference is also to launch activities that could build a theoretical foundation for indigenous educational research.

50. WWW Virtual Library: Circumpolar Peoples: Media site also provides rich links to the sami peoples. samiWeb excellent news serviceincluding a rich collection of links providing access to indigenous peoples. http://www.ldb.org/vl/cp/circ_m.htm

WWW VL Circumpolar Peoples: Media Aboriginal Multi-Media Society "an independent Aboriginal communications organization committed to facilitating the exchange of information reflecting Aboriginal culture to a growing and diverse audience. AMMSA is dedicated to providing objective, mature and balanced coverage of news, information and entertainment relevant to Aboriginal issues and peoples while maintaining profound respect for the values, principles and traditions of Aboriginal people" Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) "Canada's newest national television network. Its launch on September 1, 1999 represents a significant milestone for Aboriginal Canada for the first time in broadcast history, First Nations, Inuit and Metis people will have the opportunity to share their stories with the rest of the world on a national television network dedicated to Aboriginal programming. Through documentaries, news magazines, dramas, entertainment specials, childrens' series, cooking shows and education programs, APTN will offer all Canadians a front-row seat into the remarkably diverse worlds of Indigenous peoples in Canada and throughout the world" Alaska Public Radio Network "a local news radio network founded in 1978 to cross the natural geographic barriers inherent to Alaska's vast geographic size, and to bridge the communication gap inherent to its cultural diversity. APRN serves 95% of Alaska's vast geography (over 90,000 Alaskan's each week in over 330 communities) with seven daily newscasts, a weekly call-in-show, and a number of special programs satellite-linked to 29 member stations. The only statewide radio news organization in Alaska, APRN builds bridges by producing comprehensive, balanced, insightful coverage of the complex issues critical to all Alaskans"

51. Hrip INTRO TO indigenous peoples. UN indigenous RIGHTS. RIGHTS OF DISCOVERY CONQUEST.NATIONSTATES indigenous RIGHTS. EUROPE sami. SITES OF GENERAL INTEREST. http://www.colby.edu/personal/jdanders/hrip.html

Colby College Instructor: Jeffrey Anderson E-mail: jdanders@colby.edu Back to Jeff Anderson's Home Page TOPICS ON THIS SITE: INTRO TO HUMAN RIGHTS INTRO TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLES INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS NORTH AMERICA ... TOP OF PAGE INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS Universal Declaration of Human Rights An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement A Short History of the Human Rights Movement INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Global Problems Reader: Indigenous Peoples, Ethnic Conflict and Nation-States Who are the World's Indigenous Peoples? The Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UN Draft Declaration First Progress Report 1992 UN Draft Declaration Second Progress Report 1995 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: Indigenous Peoples ... REPORT ON THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH UNITED NATIONS WORKING GROUP ON INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS IN GENEVA, JULY 26TH - 30TH 1999 RIGHTS OF DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST The Bull, Inter Caetera (Alexander VI), May 4, 1493. The Spanish Origins of Indian Rights by Felix Cohen ... Papal Bulls Pertaining to the Americas NATION-STATES AND INDIGENOUS RIGHTS IN THE FOURTH WORLD Fourth World Nations: Conflicts and Alternatives by Bernard Q. Nietschmann

52. Aboriginal Connections: International indigenous peoples of the World Links to indigenous peoples groups worldwide. Instructionof and in the sami language in Finland Document describing the sami http://www.aboriginalconnections.com/links/International/more3.html

Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! Aboriginal Connections > International You are here: Home International > Page 3 Advanced Search Home Add Native Site What's New ... About... Categories: Africa and The Middle East Listings of the Indigenous peoples in Africa and the Middle East. Asia-Pacific Listings of indigenous peoples in the Asia-Pacific region of the world. Australia Listings and information of the Aboriginal people in Australia. Europe Listings to information of the indigenous peoples in Europe. Latin America and Caribbean Listing of the indigenous peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean. New Zealand Listings of the Mäori, the Indigenous people of New Zealand/Aotearoa. South America Listings of the Indigenous tribes in South America. Prev 10 Next 10 Listings: doCip doCip is a Swiss NGO linking Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations. It is a non-profit organization established in 1978 at the request of Indigenous Representatives to the United Nations. (Last Modified: 15-Dec-1999 Hits: 81) http://www.docip.org/anglais/welcome.html

53. Aboriginal Connections - An Indigenous Peoples Web Directory: What's New the late 19th and early 20th centuries show that the indigenous peoples of Sakhalin 28Nov-2002Hits 41) http//www.siida.fi/ Translate. sami Council Saami http://www.aboriginalconnections.com/links/New/28-Nov-2002.html

Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! Aboriginal Connections - An Indigenous Peoples Web Directory: What's New You are here: Home New > 28-Nov-2002 Advanced Search Home Add Native Site What's New ... About... 32 New Listing(s): Computers and Internet First Nations Power Technologies First Nations Power Technologies is a majority aboriginal owned company based in Winnipeg, Canada. The founding partners believe the strategic partnerships between established companies and First Nations entrepeneurs will encourage other joint ventures.This trend will offer training and employment in non traditional job sectors. These partnerships offer the depth and background required to offer long term common sense technology solutions for our clients while fostering growth in aboriginal business. (Last Modified: 28-Nov-2002 Hits: 0) http://www.fnptech.com/ Translate E-feather e-feather is a Website Design company focused on First Nation communities. We offer affordable website, and interactive website design, also a number of computer related services. (Last Modified: 28-Nov-2002 Hits: 0) http://www.e-feather.com/

54. WWF-UK: One Of Europe's Last Indigenous Communities Under Threat In the absence of written documentation to prove longstanding use of the land -a problem faced by indigenous peoples worldwide - the sami are likely to lose http://www.wwf.org.uk/News/n_0000000196.asp

Areas of interest WWF-UK home Just for kids - go wild! Just for teachers Just for researchers Who cares? campaign Just for shoppers About WWF Take action Wildlife News Search WWF-UK WWF-UK News > News stories Friday 11 April 2003 One of Europe's last indigenous communities under threat Tuesday 23 March 1999 The future of the Sami people of northern Sweden is under serious threat following a major clash with private forest owners over land grazing rights. A Sami delegation in London to publicise their cause is calling on the British timber industry to use commercial pressure to help save their reindeer herding culture. The Sami people are being sued by groups of private forest owners seeking to stop them from using their land for winter grazing for their reindeer. In the absence of written documentation to prove long-standing use of the land - a problem faced by indigenous peoples worldwide - the Sami are likely to lose these cases. Not only do they face crippling court costs but they are also likely to lose access to the forests upon which they have depended for hundreds of years. There are 70,000 Sami people in Scandinavia, of whom 17,000 live in Sweden. Of them, around 3,000 rely on reindeer herding for their livelihood. The traditional Sami culture is characterised by close contact with nature, following the path of the reindeer between summer grazing lands in the mountains and winter grazing lands in the forests. The Sami are no longer nomadic but reindeer herding is still a traditional way of life and an important part of their cultural identity.

55. SnowChange.Org : Proceedings : Concerns On Climate Change And Variability In Nor Participation in international processes is a necessety for indigenous peoples andhas brought substaintial result The sami Council has attained NGOstaus at http://www.snowchange.org/proceedings/stefan_mikaelsson.html

Concerns on climate change and variability in northern fennoscandia Stefan Mikaelsson vice-president of Sami Council "We, the sami, are one people, united in our own culture, language and history. Living in areas which, since time immemorial and up to historical times, we alone inhabited and utilized." Mr chairman, Ladies and gentlemen. This is one of Sami Council statements from 1986. My name is Stefan Mikaelsson and I am a vice president of the Sami Council. First, I would like to thank the organisers for the oppurtunity to participate at this important and interresting conference. The Sami Council was established in 1956 and its general purpose are: to promote the interrests of the sami as a nation, to consilidate the feeling of affinity among the sami people, to attain recognition for the sami as a nation and to maintain the economic, social and cultural rights of the sami in the legislation of the four states. The Sami Council renders oppinion and makes proposals on questions concerning sami peoples rights, language and culture and especially on issues concerning sami in different countries. These issues includes in example: draft decrees, environmental issues etc.

56. SnowChange.Org : Site Map the Russian North (Tanya Vitchenko, Murmansk, Russia) 2.1.15 sami Observations of Finnish,will be translated in 2002) 2.1.16 Russian indigenous peoples of the http://www.snowchange.org/sitemap.html

Home Page Project Info Proceedings Draft Declaration On Traditional Ecological Knowledge Traditional Knowledge in Forest Conservation; Case Study of The Malshegu Community, Ghana (Edmund Asare, Tampere Polytechnic) Haida Gwaii Climata Change Observations (Jusquan - Amanda Bedard, Haida Nation) Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Light of Global Climate Change Education for Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Living (Taina Kaivola, University of Helsinki) Inuit Observations On Climate Change (John Keogak, Inuvialuit, Canada) Words of Welcome (Tero Mustonen, Tampere Polytechnic, Finland) Comment (Mike Salomons, Aurora Research Institute, NWT, Canada) Concerns on Climate Change and Variability in Northern Fennoscandia (Stefan Mikaelsson, Sami Council) Traditional Beliefs and Biodiversity. Conservation in Ghana: Lessons from the Grassroots (Michael Yaw Poku - Marboah, University of Helsinki)

57. Baiki specific dates can be applied to the precontact pre-historic eras of the Inuitand Yup'ik or Eskimo, peoples of Alaska, or the indigenous sami, or Lapp http://members.tripod.com/Baiki/alaska.htm

HOME , or select a page: Alaska chronology About BAIKI About the library Audio and video Baiki feature of the month Contents of back issues Email us Home page How to subscribe How to order back issues Latest issue Links Maps and documents North American Sami community events A Saami glossary Saami Spirit T-shirt then press: THE TIME OF ORAL TRADITION Prior to contact with Europeans, most Indigenous languages did not contain words meaning "time" in the Western sense. Therefore no specific dates can be applied to the pre-contact ["pre-historic"] eras of the Inuit and Yup'ik or "Eskimo," Peoples of Alaska, or the Indigenous Sami, or "Lapp," People of Scandinavia. However, their oral histories indicate that they formed complex, satisfying, spiritually-based and technologically-developed cultures that did not destroy the Arctic environment. Then Europeans who based their religion and technology on the domination of nature and the subjugation of Indigenous Peoples began to move in. 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES: An environmental crisis develops in Sápmi ["Finnmark"] when Russian and other European trappers begin the wholesale slaughter of the wild life there in order to capitalize on the growing European market for furs. The introduction of firearms among the Sami further intensifies the exploitation. The traditional Sami way of life is altered because their natural sources of food, clothing and implements are used up. In response to this crisis, reindeer nomadism - the domestication and herding of reindeer - becomes the new subsistence alternative for the Sami by the 17th century.

58. Browse Topics indigenous peoples. sami land rights in Norway test case for indigenous peoples/ Malaysia's Mabo case, indigenous peoples; indigenous peoples Land Rights. http://infocus.sl.nsw.gov.au/res/sublist.cfm?subName=INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

59. Conference_program University, Russia Languages of Minority peoples of Karelia Rejection of the Claimsof the sami. Argumentation Strategies against the indigenous Rights at the http://www.arctic.uit.no/cua/forside_files/conference_program/session_5/program5

"The 7th CIRCUMPOLAR UNIVERSITIES CO-OPERATION CONFERENCE 2001" Back SESSION V Theme : Indigenous People and Resource Management Summary A decade after the Agenda 21 at the Rio Earth summit, the intention according to the invitation was to identify problem areas, share negative and positive experience, and encourage cooperation and networking among indigenous peoples and researcher. Most of the papers were focused on different dimensions of power relations within natural resource management fields between indigenous peoples and the national states they are part of. Papers and discussions disclosed surprising variations in these relations in least some of the national states that were being discussed. Papers from the Scandinavian countries (Sweden: Vasare- Hammare, Norway: Eythorsson, Riseth and Nilsen, Finland: Tuulentie) gave pictures of a strong, centralized social-democratic state that strongly influenced resource management patterns and cultures of the indigenous people in this country; the Sami. The main message was that state measures had created problems and lack of protection for indigenous right for the Sami in these Scandinavian countries. It was, however also showed that some measures and institutions within resource management had been in favour of the Sami as well as Norwegian population in rural districts in Norway, but that these positive measures now partly were under pressure because of trends towards national standardization and privatisation. The Canadian pattern (Jentoft, Tester) discussed a working co-management model in natural resource use , a model without the top-down control typical for the Scandinavian countries. It was claimed , however that even in Canadian wild-life management administration there was a lack of understanding of the indigenous hunting strategies.

60. WISE NC: RTZ/CRA MERGER: THREAT TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLES of Amungme, Komoro, Dani and other Papuan peoples. on 2.6 million hectares of Indigenousland Sapmi (Finland and Russia) prospecting on sami land, threatening http://www.antenna.nl/wise/444/4396.html

published by WISE News Communique on December 15, 1995 RTZ/CRA merger: Threat to indigenous peoples The world's biggest mining company, RTZ, has proposed merging with its Australian associate, CRA. The merger will go before shareholders at an Extraordinary General Meeting for approval on December 20, 1995. Following is an open letter initiated by Partizans (People Against RTZ) to urge shareholders to oppose the merger. (444.4396) Partizans - RTZ, the world's largest mining company, and CRA, its 49%-owned associate, are planning to merge their operations in 1996. The avowed intention is to combine both companies' capital (to the tune of around US $27 billion), boost their global dominance in the production of the world's most important minerals, and penetrate areas not yet exposed to mineral exploitation. The merger will not only create the most powerful mining company in history, but also have grave consequences for thousands of Indigenous and other land-based peoples worldwide. The operations or investments of British-based RTZ already threaten their rights, culture and livelihood in several regions. Those of CRA have been condemned on many occasions in recent years (see list What would a combined RTZ/CRA mean for such communities? It would consolidate the hold that both companies have on Indigenous territory (specifically in the Asia-Pacific region) and facilitate financing for similar projects elsewhere.

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